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引言1759年,中国的疆域扩展达到了历史上的顶峰。中亚大片土地逐渐与中华帝国融为一体。但从表面上看,中国的统治者却很少关注域外的发展。这一现象令人难以置信。通过探究不难发现,清代中国与陆上邻国和所谓的海上邻国的关系有着明显的差别。清朝皇帝对陆上疆界非常警惕和敏感,一直相当关注。当他们觉得陆路邻国对自身利益造成威胁时,便会采取军事行动。与此形成鲜明对
Introduction In 1759, China’s territorial expansion reached its historic peak. A large area of Central Asia gradually became integrated with the Chinese Empire. On the surface, however, Chinese rulers seldom pay attention to the development outside the realm. This phenomenon is unbelievable. It is not difficult to find through inquiry that the relations between Qing China and other land-based neighbors and so-called maritime neighbors are obviously different. The Qing emperor was extremely alert and sensitive to the land frontier and has been quite concerned. When they feel that the neighboring countries on the land threaten their own interests, they will take military actions. In sharp contrast with this