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庚子事变后,各国提出将“惩凶”作为与清廷议和的前提条件。这对中外议和至关重要,却又极富争议性。李鸿章等人在探知各国所指罪魁的基础上,与袁世凯等地方督抚商定祸首名单,期望先发制人,争取主动性。然而各国政府及公使对于名单人员及其惩处方式,意见甚不一致。其中,是否“严速惩办”祸首,懿亲是否处死,如何惩办毓贤、董福祥等问题,尤为争论之焦点。为此,李鸿章、奕劻、张之洞、袁世凯、刘坤一等人不仅内部频繁互动,而且与各国公使展开了艰难的交涉。最终在英使等西方强硬意见的主导下,中国全盘接受西方惩处的要求,唯一的修改只是允许英年和赵舒翘自尽以代替绞刑。此事提示出,庚辛之际,在西方主导下的中外交涉格局正逐步形成。
After the Gengzai incident, all countries put forward the principle of “punishing” the “punishment” as the precondition for the agreement with the Qing court. This is of utmost importance to the Chinese and foreign ministers but is extremely controversial. On the basis of ascertaining the culprits alleged by various countries, Li Hung-chang and others agreed with the governors and governors such as Yuan Shikai on the list of chief culprits and looked forward to preemptive striving for initiative. However, governments and public officials in various countries have very different opinions on the list of individuals and their penalties. Among them, whether or not “severely punish ” culprit, Yi pro is executed, how to punish Yuxian, Dong Fuxiang and other issues, especially the focus of controversy. To this end, Li Hung-chang, Yi Yi, Zhang Zhidong, Yuan Shikai and Liu Kun-yi have not only frequently interacted internally, but also held difficult representations with ministers from various countries. Ultimately, under the guidance of Britain and other hard-line Western opinions, China totally accepted the demands of Western punishment. The only change was that Britain and Zhao Shuqiao were allowed to take the place of hanging. The incident prompts, Geng Xin, dominated by the Western pattern of Chinese and foreign negotiations is gradually taking shape.