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Since drugs flowed into society, people have not found an effective solution to prevent them from continuously damaging human’s health, normal production and living order. Years of neglected supervision has let drugs go unchecked and deteriorated into one of the most annoying things for all countries. To settle this problem, as far as I am concerned, the most important thing is that all nations work together, wiping out the bounds of territory, nations, religions, classes and genders. Of course, since we stepped into the 21st century, all countries have formed a great ranking list on the movement against drug trafficking and have been working together to look for effective solutions to this problem.
According to the data of United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the number of people taking in forbidden drugs more than once is 149-272 million in 2009 only (accounts for 3.3-6.1% of global people between 15 and 64 years old). Half of them were long time addicts, taking at least once a month. The number of Russians who take drugs is about 2-2.5 million, accounting for 2% of the whole population, which has 5-8 times outnumbered some European countries’ social tolerable indexes. Russia’s drug takers are 20 times of that in Germany.
Our analysis result also indicates another terrible fact: with the increasing number of drug takers year by year, young people have become the biggest part of the vulnerable drug taking groups, most of whom are at college age, between 18 and 25. According to our research, 70% of the college students have tried drugs, 25-30% of whom take in drugs regularly. 15% of the increasing drug demanders each year are juveniles.
自从毒品流入社会以来，人类一直没有找寻到一个有效的途径来遏制他继续危害人类身体健康和社会正常的生产生活秩序，以至于多年疏于监管，毒品问题已经发展成为让世界各国政府最为头疼的事情之一，而在如何解决这个问题上面，我认为各国最重要的就是要摒弃领土、民族、宗教、阶级、性别的界限，携手合作。当然人类迈入21世纪以来，在打击贩毒这一行动上，各国已经形成一个大的阵营，共同寻求着有效的解决道路。
我们从联合国毒品和犯罪署(United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,UNODC)的统计数据来看，仅2009年全球吸食违禁物品一次以上的人数就为1.49-2.72亿（占据年龄为15-64岁全球居民的3.3-6.1%），这其中约有一半人数为长期吸食毒品者，他们至少一个月吸食一次毒品。而俄罗斯联邦吸食毒品的人数约为2-2.5百万，大约占国家人口总数的2%，甚至已经超过欧洲一些国家所提供社会可容忍指数的5-8倍，是德国吸食毒品人口数量的20倍。
我们的分析结果中还显示出另一个可怕的现象：随着目前每年吸食毒品的人数持续攀升，青年人群日益成为这些吸毒脆弱群体的中坚部分。这些年轻吸毒者的主体基本为18-25岁大学年龄段的青年，我们的数据显示有70%的大学生曾尝试吸食过毒品，其中25-30%为经常吸食毒品者，而每年对毒品需求增长的人群中有15%也为未成年人。
The Cognition of the International Community on Preventing Drug Abuse
国际社会对预防吸毒问题的认识
The international community have realized long ago that among all the countermeasures of striking drug abuse, the precautionary measures must have priority. The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs in 1961, Item 38 of its Additional Protocol in 1972 and Item 20 of Convention on Psychotropic Substances in 1971 have all precisely indicated "all measures should be taken to prevent drug and psychotropic substances abuse, the takers should be early detected, treated, educated and enabled to recover their labor capacity and return to society, they should also be observed after the treatment." The United Nations Commission on Narcotics Drugs indicated in the Political Declaration passed by the 20th Special Session of General Assembly on June 10th, 1998 that when using narcotic drugs, the governments should collaborate with strength of all sides, including social groups, families, schools, law enforcement agencies and communities, and appealed all member states to work together, resolutely implementing national countermeasures of preventing drug abuse. These countermeasures include calling up civil society, different classes, law enforcement agencies, criminal justice system, medical establishments and social insurance system to work together, jointly discussing effective plans to prevent drug abuse, participating and supporting the implementation of the plans.
In addition, the United Nations Commission on Narcotics Drugs has urged the member states to formulate more up-to-date policies on prevention of forbidden narcotic drugs, aiming at the young in particular, which should be in accordance with the states’ practical situation. Based on the precise national and international statistical data and compliance with national laws, these policies should ensure the implementation of all new measures and innovative measures to the largest extent. The commission also appealed the member states to conduct activities to prevent illegal drug abuse on the basis of Declaration on the Guiding Principles of Drug Demand Reduction, especially to prevent the juveniles from consuming any forbidden narcotic drugs in order to ensure the achievement of initial objective and a sustainable development. The commission also called on the member states to carry out and popularize different prevention activities for children and teenagers at diverse stages.
In the Political Declaration passed by the High Level Meeting of the 52th convention of the United Nations Commission on Narcotics Drugs on March 11-12, 2009, the member states reaffirmed their commitment that they would effectively develop, formulate, re-examine and consolidate the comprehensive plan to reduce young people’s demand for drugs. They would also adopt extensive measures, including primary prevention, early intervention, treatment, nursing care, rehabilitation, helping the drug abstainers to return to society and offering other relative supportive services, to achieve the improvement of human health and well-being and alleviate usage of drugs so as to ease the negative influence on the individuals and the whole society. In addition, they would pay highly attention to the young people and conduct work in different conditions such as family, school and working place. Therefore, all nations should adopt precautionary measures in accordance with the declaration to alleviate the young people’s demand for drugs. The precautionary principle aims to prevent the using of narcotic drugs so that they would not develop into regular needed drugs. The specific schemes are to stop using drugs during the prevention period and reduce their harm to the minimum. The principle pays special attention to the primary prevention, especially to substantially reducing the young people’s demand for drugs, which is one of the important conditions for drug prevention. To achieve this condition, it is needed to recognize early those juveniles who are using narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs without doctor’s approval. In order to recognize the drug taking juveniles, narcotic drug test should be adopted for citizens of some specific ranks, including educational institution (primary school, middle school and college) students.
国际社会早就认识到，在执行打击毒品泛滥的所有措施中，预防措施应占有优先性。在1961年关于麻醉品单一公约及1972年的补充议定书中的第38条与1971年精神药物公约中的第20条，也都明确地提出“需采取一切措施，防止吸食毒品及精神性药物，对吸食者开展早期发现、治疗、教育以及恢复其劳动能力、返回社会，并对其进行治疗后观察。”
联合国麻醉品委员会依据1998年6月10日联合国大会第20次专题会议通过的政治宣言指出，在麻醉品使用的过程中，政府应该联合包括社会群体、家庭、学校、执法机构、社区等各界力量，呼吁各成员国在协作的基础上，坚决实施国家防治吸食毒品的应对措施，包括动员民间社会、不同阶层，执法机关、刑事司法系统、医疗机构与社会保障系统等政府机构合作，共同研究有效地预防吸食毒品计划，并参与支持计划的实施。
除此以外，联合国麻醉品委员会还敦促各成员国根据各国实际情况，制订更为先进的预防吸食禁用麻醉品的政策，尤其是针对青年人。这些政策应在各国和国际最准确统计数据的基础上，在符合其国家法律的情况下，最大力度地保障各种新措施与创新措施的开展。委员会还呼吁各成员国在《减少毒品需求指导原则宣言》的基础上，开展预防非法吸食毒品的活动，特别是防止未成年人消费任何违禁麻醉物品；为了确保最初的目标，并实现可持续发展的成果，委员会还呼吁会员国对处于不同阶段的儿童和青少年，在他们的生活中开展并普及各种预防活动。
2009年3月11日至12日，在联合国麻醉药品委员会第52届会议的高级别会议通过的政治宣言中，成员国重申了其承诺，将会有效地开拓、制订、重审并巩固落实全面、综合的计划，以减少青年人对毒品的需求，并且以科学为依据采取广泛的措施，包括初级预防，早期干预，治疗，护理，康复，重返社会和相关的支持服务，为个人，家庭和社区实现改善健康和社会福祉并减轻药物的使用，减轻个人和整个社会带来的消极后果方面，给予青年高度的关注，并对青年开展包括家庭，学校，工作场所在内的不同条件下的工作。
因此，各国应切实按照文件中内容，采取预防措施，以减少青年对麻醉品的需求。预防纲领的目的为，在早期阶段预防麻醉品的使用，使之不发展为定期需求麻醉品的阶段。预防方案，旨在早期预防对麻醉药物的使用过程中，中断中期对药物滥用并将伤害降到最小。在这个纲领中，对那些需求麻醉品人们的初期预防给予特别关注，尤其是在大幅度削减青年对毒品的需求方面。这也是毒品预防的一个重要条件。而要想实现这一条件，则需要对未经医生处方同意就使用麻醉药品和精神药物的未成年人进行早期识别。解决这个问题可以采用对某个特定阶层公民，包括教育机构（中小学、大学）学生进行麻醉品药物测试的方法。
International Experience of Narcotic Drug Test
麻醉品测试领域的国际经验
According to Item 323 of the Russian Federal Constitution—"Russian Federation protects citizens’ basic health", the narcotic drug test is one of the medical tests, which is an intervention measure, aiming to recognize abnormal conditions, diseases and potential hazards. According to the Constitution, the prerequisite of the medical intervention is that citizens and juridical persons must agree with the intervention and no compelled drug test is allowed. The U.S. has done a good job on narcotic drug test. In the U.S., the drug test for students, workers, drivers and the arrested has lasted for over 25 years. The fact that narcotic drug has been tested in one’s body will not be recorded in personal record or be sentenced as criminal offence, but the positive test result could bring about some results as follows:
-the positive result could cause the refusing of employment;
-the positive result could cause dismissal or compulsive treatment;
-the driver will be taken in custody or be charged of criminal offence and revoked his driving qualification if he is tested as positive in the drug test;
-the parent who is tested as positive will be deprived of custody if the two parents are disputing the custody;
-the arrested will be locked up alone or be treated by special recover plan if they are tested as positive;
-for those staying in the rehabilitation center, if they are tested as positive, they will receive a higher level nursing such as nursing and rehabilitation in hospital.
In the following situation, the drug test is indirectly compulsory: the individual has the right to refuse the test but he or she will be warned, and the result will be considered as positive, which will definitely cause unfavorable administrative or legal consequence.
按照俄罗斯联邦宪法第323条“俄罗斯联邦保护公民身体健康基础”规定，对麻醉品的测试是医疗检测项目之一，这是一个旨在识别异常情况，对疾病及其潜在危险因素的干预措施。按照联邦宪法所指，采取这样的医疗干预的先决条件，是公民或法人自愿同意医疗干预，不允许进行强制药物测试。
其实在麻醉品测试方面，美国做的比较成功。美国对学生，工人，驾驶车辆者，被拘留者进行的麻醉品测试已经超过25年。麻醉药物在体内存在的事实不会被依附在个人记录上，或被定为刑事责任，但是个人检查结果呈阳性的后果会导致一些状况发生：
-在寻找工作时若麻醉品测试结果为阳性时，将会导致被拒绝从业；
-对麻醉品测试结果为阳性时，已经工作的人员有可能被开除或者是遣送接受治疗；
-对麻醉品或其它药品测试为阳性时，驾驶者会被拘留或负刑事责任并吊销驾驶资格；
-在对父母抚养权出现争议时，对麻醉品测试为阳性者将被剥夺抚养权；
-拘留人员在对麻醉品测试显阳性时，会对其进行单独关押，或者对其采用特殊康复计划；
-对在康复中心的个人，如果测试呈阳性，则可以向他提供一个更高层次的护理，如医院的护理和康复。
在以下情况中，测试是具有间接强制性的：个人有权拒绝测试，但会对他进行警告，如果不进行测试，将被视为阳性测试结果，这势必会对个人造成不利的行政或法律后果。
As to drug tests, many schools in the U.S. have been doing selective tests of narcotic drugs and alcohol and they have also been giving tests to those doubted groups. The Supreme Court of the United States has indicated that it allows giving tests to the doubted, and in many states, the narcotic tests will be possible to be added to the constitutions. In the U.S., the promotion of drug tests was carried out by Dr. Robert DuPont from the Institute for Behavior and Health in 1978.
Therefore, people who receive the drug tests will not be punished and they do it for the precautionary plans. The positive results will only be open to the parents and special consultants and the children will be suggested to receive consultation and treatment if needed. The result will not be used as reasons for punishment, let alone informing the police. Similarly, drug tests are also done in some European schools. In Belgium, Hungary, Ireland and Britain, the drug tests are done in some situations. In these nations, tests are done under the approval of the suspected students or their parents. In Norway, young people who use drugs or have the intention to use drugs as well as the young drug addicts will be registered and delivered to health agency and social service sectors, supervised by the police. The test on the juveniles is done under the approval of their parents and it will be executed compulsorily under the direction of the procurator if the parents refuse to give their children drug tests.
关于毒品测试方面，其实美国许多学校很久前就使用抽查的办法对麻醉品和酒精进行测试，而他们也同样会对所猜测的群体使用测试的方法。美国最高法院已表示允许对所怀疑对象使用麻醉品测试，并且在许多州，麻醉品测试可能被加入到宪法中。在美国，推广麻醉品测试的工作主要在1978年，由行为健康学院罗伯特·杜邦医生进行。
因此，在美国参与麻醉品测试的人员属于非惩罚性，并且他们是为预防方案而进行测试。如果测试呈现了阳性的结果，则该信息将仅向学生家长和特别顾问开放，而孩子们则会被建议去咨询，如果需要的话会接受治疗。测试结果不会被用为惩罚参与者，更不会被告知警察机构。
同样在欧洲的一些学校内也开展麻醉品测试。在比利时、匈牙利、爱尔兰和英国，测试是在某些情况下进行的。在这些国家，麻醉品测试是在涉嫌使用毒品的学生或学生家长同意的基础上进行测试。在挪威，年轻人中使用或者有使用精神物品倾向的，毒品依赖圈中的青年，这些人将会被登记并转交给卫生机构和社会服务部门，警方将进行监管。在取得父母的允许下，对未成年人进行测试。如果父母拒绝，则测试在检察官的指示下强制执行。
The Legal Affairs Procuratorate of Swedish Parliament passed Support Voluntary Narcotic Testing in Schools on April 26, 2010 which indicates that the testing for the school aged children does not go against the law as long as their parents agree to receive the tests. The society had a heated discussion on the issue whether the tests severely infringe upon the tested students’ human dignity. Beatrice, Minister of Justice, supported the tests and indicated that the earlier the identification of the tendency of using drugs was made, the more advantageous it was to adopt appropriate countermeasures. The Lithuanian government passed a law in 2002 which allowed narcotic testing in school physical examination and other special circumstances under the approval of the students or their parents. The National Education Committee of Finland formulated Narcotic Testing Memorandum. The vice-inspector of Finland said in parliament that only the professional medical agencies are allowed to give narcotic testing, and the tested person will be sent to receive treatment if the result is positive. In Britain, the education sector formulated books on narcotic testing which supported tests in schools under the approval of participants. In some countries, such as Belgium, Hungary and Ireland, narcotic testing has not been included in school discretion in administration. 2010年4月26日在瑞典，瑞典议会法律事物检察员通过《支持在学校中开展自愿测试的决定》并表明，如果参与检测者的父母同意接受检测，则这个年龄段的测试不违背国家法律体制。这说明，现在测试可以在瑞典所有的学校里进行。围绕着这个是否严重侵犯测试学生人格完整的问题，社会展开了热烈的讨论。司法部长比阿特丽斯支持测试，并指出，越早鉴别出对麻醉品使用的倾向，对采取正确的应对措施越有利；2002年立陶宛政府批准了一项法律，即在学生或父母同意的前提下，在学校体检或特殊情况可以进行麻醉品测试；2000年，在芬兰全国教育委员会制定了麻醉品测试备忘录。就麻醉品测试这个问题，芬兰副巡视员在议会说，只有专业医疗队伍可以测试，如果测试的结果呈阳性，则会被送去治疗；英国，在学校中教育部门制定了麻醉品倡议教科书，包括在学校中允许测试，现在需要参与者的认可。在一些国家，例如比利时、匈牙利和爱尔兰，麻醉品测试已经脱离学校行政自由裁量权。
Contradiction between Human Rights and Introduction of Drug Test in Russian Federation
人身权利与俄罗斯联邦引入毒品测试机制的问题
Most people against drug test in middle and primary schools hold that it is unethical and violates adults and teenagers’ rights. It interferes with people’s right of privacy and shows the loss of trust between teachers and students.
According to Article 8 Item 2 of European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms which was put in force in 1950, there shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. Does drug use violate others’ rights and freedom? We need to confirm whether drug users pose threats to people around them.
Experts estimate that a drug user may lead 15 to 30 people around him or her to try drugs in his or her whole life. But we have to point out this estimation is only based on some registered drug users. Most drug users are beyond government supervision over a long time (according to doctors, it takes about four years for a drug user to seek medical help after his or her first drug use). This is called incubation period. Drug users will lure other people to take drugs without supervision. Besides, those drug addicts start to behavior abnormally. It can be concluded that drug users will cause great risks to other people, especially juveniles.
In our country, most people are required to take tuberculosis and HIV tests every year. No one argues about the necessity of these precautious measures. Drugs cause damages too. It takes peoples’ lives which is no less than that caused by these two diseases. Then why do we question drugs testing? Gennady Onishchenko, Head of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Protection and Welfare and Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Russia, once said, "There are many people taking drugs. That’s because the society still hasn’t recognized the horror of drug use. It entitles teenagers the right of self-destruction." When we talk about rights that drug test violates, what are these rights, right of self-destruction? The world still doesn’t have the answer, including the Russian Federation. 大多数反对引入中小学毒品测试的声音主要集中在道德、成人与青少年的权利，以及对隐私权的妨碍、老师与学生之间相互信任的缺失等方面。
而根据1950年实施的保护人权与基本自由的欧洲公约第8章第2条规定，当为保障其他公民的健康、道德、权利与自由时，公共权力部门可以在合法的基础上使用权利进行干预。吸食毒品是否侵犯了其他人的权利与自由？我们必须要确定吸毒者是否对周围的人群造成危险。
根据专家的估算，吸毒者在他的一生中可吸引周围15-30个人尝试毒品。但我们同时必须指出的是，此数据只是计算了部分进行登记的吸毒者，而大部分吸毒者在很长时间内都隐藏在国家监督之外（从第一次尝试毒品到寻求医疗帮助，根据戒毒医生统计，大致为4年）。这个阶段被称为潜伏期，吸毒者可毫无监督地吸引他人来共同尝试毒品，而且，已有毒瘾的吸毒者，其行为开始向异常倾斜，所以总的来说，可以做以下结论，吸食毒品的人，给其他人群，特别是未成年人带来极大的危险。
在我们的国家，我们大部分人都有每年进行肺结核检查的要求，必须检验艾滋病的要求，然而并没有任何人争论这些预防措施，怀疑他们的必要性，而毒品所带来的危害，剥夺人生命的数量一点也不少于因上述两种疾病死亡的人数，我们为什么要质疑毒品检测呢？联邦消费者权益保护和社会福利监督局局长、俄联邦首席医生根纳季·阿尼申克说过：“有很多人吸食毒品，那是因为社会没有充分认清吸毒现象的可怕，而导致的青年实行其自我毁灭的权利。”所以我们说毒品检测的引入究竟侵犯了哪些权利？难道是自我毁灭的权利？这个问题在整个世界仍毫无答案，包括在俄罗斯联邦。
On April 18, 2011, the then Russian President Dmitry Medvedev publicly supported the law on drug test in middle and primary schools in a state conference held in Irkutsk. He believed that laws on drug test in schools should not only be implemented in some regions. The federal government should also pass the law. Viktor Ivanov, Director of the Federal Service for Drug Control, also said that drug test is to "effectively detect problems earlier".
However, experts have different opinions. Some say it is a must, some don’t see the point of doing this, and others think it violates children’s rights.
Experts who think drug test violates human rights stated in the Constitution and International Law hold that citizens are not required to keep healthy by laws. So there is no need of outside enforcement. However, Conventions on the Rights of the Child states clearly that all signatory countries need to take actions, including legislation, administration and society, and educational measures, to protect children from illegally taking drugs and psychotropic substances. It also prohibits hiring children to illegally produce and sell such substances. Therefore, since it is indicated that children may face threats of drugs in schools, countries (including the Russian Federation) must take preventive actions.
2011年4月18日在伊尔库茨克举行的国务会议上，时任俄罗斯总统的德米特里·梅德韦杰夫公开支持通过在中小学进行毒品检测的法律，他认为，有关中小学生进行毒品检测的法令，不止应该在部分区域实施，首先是应在联邦政府层面通过。同时，联邦毒品流通监督局局长维克多·伊万诺夫也表示，检测的必须性是为了“高效的发现早期问题”。
但是围绕这个问题，专家们却意见不同：一些认为这是必须的手段，另一类认为看不到其中的意义何在，第三类则认为它侵犯了孩子们的权力。
那些认为实施毒品检测侵犯了宪法与国际法中人身权利的专家表示，法律并没有规定公民必须维护自身健康，因而并不需要外界强制执行。但保护儿童权利公约中却明确规定，签约国必须采取措施，包括立法、行政与社会，也包括教育领域中的措施，保护孩子远离非法的吸食毒品与精神药物。并且禁止利用孩子非法生产与经营此类物质。因此，既然有危险说明学校里的孩子可能遭遇毒品的威胁，则国家（包括俄罗斯联邦）必须采取任何措施来防止。
Drug test is an effective preventive method. It acts as a deterrent to teenagers. It can also help get the actual number of students who take drugs and evaluate the current drug situation of the country. Besides, drug test can provide children with timely psychological and medical help. It will be much easier to save them before they become addicted to drugs. However, to implement preventive measures, such as drug test, Russia needs to make corresponding laws. Driven by the Federal Service for Drug Control, most regions in Russia have now enacted and passed regional laws of Drug and Chemical Control, especially the Far-East Administrative Region. The law has been passed in all administrative regions.
The local sectors of the Federal Service for Drug Control are also promoting program of early drug test (no intervention by doctors). The program is also promoted in other administrative regions of Russia. Primary and secondary school students and students who attend the college admission exam will have to take drug test on voluntary basis. College students also need to take such test in their annual physical examination. In some regions, laws have been made to guarantee the implementation, such as in the Republic of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, in the Kaluga, Kostroma, Moscow, Penza, Ryazan and Ulyanovsk regions and Moscow city.
But this is not enough. We also need to revise the Labor Law of the Russian Federation so that employers can require new employees to pass drug test when employing them or before signing the contracts. In the meantime, people need to pass the drug test before they get driving licenses, permissions to purchase weapons (including hunting, sports, gas and traumatic) and work permits of harmful jobs.
这样的情况下，毒品检测作为预防措施，是较为有效的手段，因为毒品检测除了对未成年人起到震慑作用外，还能了解到实际吸毒学生的统计数据，客观的评估整个国家涉毒的现状。除此之外，毒品测试还可以给孩子们提供及时的心理与医疗帮助。当孩子们的手中出现毒品的印迹时，提早解救他们，要比等他们上瘾以后再解救，要容易得多。但是，实施像毒品测试这样的预防措施，在俄罗斯联邦必须制定相应的法律基础。
当前，在俄罗斯联邦毒品流通监督局的推动下，俄联邦大多数地区已制定与通过了《关于预防吸毒与吸食化学药品》的区域性法律。特别是在远东行政区，这项法律已在所有行政区通过。
俄罗斯联邦毒品流通监督局各地方部门也在积极推行吸毒早期检测（无需医生介入）项目。项目结果也推广到俄联邦各个行政区，自愿的基础上对中小学生与高考学生进行毒品测试，以及对大学生在每年的体检时进行毒品测试。这个预防方向在一些地区已通过立法的形式确定，如：鞑靼尔斯坦与巴什喀尔达斯坦共和国、卡卢加、喀斯特喇嘛、莫斯科、奔撒、梁赞与乌里扬诺夫州，以及莫斯科市。
但是这样还是远远不够的，我们也需要重新更改俄罗斯联邦劳动法，使得雇主在接收新员工时，先让新员工通过毒品测试，或者在签订劳动合同前提出相应的要求。同样。在获得驾照、获得购买武器许可（猎用、运动型、气体型与损伤性等）、获得有害岗位工作许可时都需要通过毒品检验。
All these measures are now only based on regional laws. There is no such a federal law. According to Article 51, Item 4 of the Russian Federation Law on Education No. 3266-1 of July 10, 1992, the public health authorities shall provide the medical service for the students, pupils of the educational establishment. However, no legal provisions specifically stipulate the way of physical test and test of early symptoms.
On January 27, 2011, amendment to the Russian Federation Law on Education was proposed at the State Council Presidium. Medical service should add disease system prevention and individual special inspection to ensure the health of students and pupils of the educational establishment, to realize disease warning (infectious disease and some common life-threatening diseases), and to conduct timely diagnosis and treatment of the above-mentioned diseases. Moreover, we need to re-examine legal provisions on education institution passed by the federal government and add the provision of the drug test during school years. However, there is no agreement on the pros and cons of the compulsory drug test of college and secondary school students. On one hand, drug test can help detect problems in early days and therefore help parents and teenage addicts eliminate bad effects. On the other hand, if we regard the drug test as medical intervention, its being compulsory is against the federal laws. Besides, not all drug abuse behaviors are diseases. But they all break the law and must be punished (drug users face a fine of 4,000-5,000 rubles or a 15-day detention under the Article 6.9, Item 1 of the Russian Federation Administrative Offense Code). Then students who accept drug test become the suspects. The drug test may also violate personal privacy and reveal personal information to others, including the police. There may also be some mistakes in the drug test. The fake-positive results will hurt innocent people.
所有这些措施都只是在区域性法律的基础之上存在，而在联邦法律层面没有获得支持。根据俄罗斯联邦1992年7月10日第3266-1号《教育》法 51号法第4章规定，教育机构中学生的医疗服务由医疗机构保障。但是法律条文中没有具体规定，以何种形式与容量来对学生进行体检，也没有相关检查早期病症的规定。
因此，2011年1月27日俄罗斯联邦国务委员会主席团工作会议中提出修改俄联邦教育法中的提案：为保障教育机构内学生的健康，实现疾病预警（传染病、社会普遍存在的对公众产生威胁的疾病）以及对上述病症的早期诊断与治疗，医疗服务中应加入开展疾病系统防治与个别医疗专项检查的内容。同时我们也需要重新审视俄罗斯联邦政府确认的相关教育机构的法律条文，补充加入在整个学年中开展毒品检测的条文。
但是有关大中学生强制性进行毒品测验的利与弊至今没有一个统一的答案。一方面，实施测试可以在早期有效发现问题，并为父母与未成年吸毒者提供帮助，消除其不良影响。另一方面，如果毒品测试作为医疗干预，强制性的形式与俄罗斯联邦立法相矛盾。而且，不是所有吸毒行为都是疾病，但任何吸毒行为都是对法律的触犯，要受到惩处（俄罗斯联邦行政处理条例6.9章第1条4000-5000卢布的罚款或者15天以下的拘留），因此所有接受检测的学生就成为违法活动的嫌疑人，而且存在着很大的侵犯个人隐私与泄露个人资料的可能性，包括这些资料可能流入警方。最终，毒品测试也有可能给予错误的判定，所有虚假的阳性结果，将带给无辜的人伤害。
We can see that the drug test is a double-edge sword. Given the spread of drugs in Russia in the past five years, we believe that our society is suffering plague, which affects all fields of the education department. And the bad effect is increasing. There is less youth labor force. The Russian government must develop a truly effective way to prevent and cure drug use so that drug users can return to the society.
Referring to international experience, we believe that an objective evaluation of the drug spreading situation in Russia will promote the drug test among students, in hiring new employees, in getting driving licenses and in annual physical examinations of dangerous jobs on voluntary basis, and make the drug test an effective way to promote healthy lifestyle and prevent drug addiction.
我们看到，毒品测试确实具有双刃剑的性质。但是考虑到近5年来毒品在俄罗斯蔓延的速度，我们还是认为，我们的社会正在遭遇瘟疫，它渗透到包括教育部门的各个领域，其不良影响在加剧，具有劳动力的青年数量在不断减少。俄罗斯政府必须制定一套真正有效的预防、治疗与医疗手段使吸毒者重新融入到社会当中。
参考国际经验，我们认为，对俄罗斯毒品蔓延情况的客观评估将促进在学生当中、招收新员工时、获得驾照、以及危险工种入职时的每年身体检查中，在自愿的基础上推广毒品测试，也使得毒品测试同时成为宣传健康生活形式与预防吸毒的有效手段。
Kurilenok A.B., Attorney, Member of Russian Youth Sports Promote Foundation
According to the data of United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the number of people taking in forbidden drugs more than once is 149-272 million in 2009 only (accounts for 3.3-6.1% of global people between 15 and 64 years old). Half of them were long time addicts, taking at least once a month. The number of Russians who take drugs is about 2-2.5 million, accounting for 2% of the whole population, which has 5-8 times outnumbered some European countries’ social tolerable indexes. Russia’s drug takers are 20 times of that in Germany.
Our analysis result also indicates another terrible fact: with the increasing number of drug takers year by year, young people have become the biggest part of the vulnerable drug taking groups, most of whom are at college age, between 18 and 25. According to our research, 70% of the college students have tried drugs, 25-30% of whom take in drugs regularly. 15% of the increasing drug demanders each year are juveniles.
自从毒品流入社会以来，人类一直没有找寻到一个有效的途径来遏制他继续危害人类身体健康和社会正常的生产生活秩序，以至于多年疏于监管，毒品问题已经发展成为让世界各国政府最为头疼的事情之一，而在如何解决这个问题上面，我认为各国最重要的就是要摒弃领土、民族、宗教、阶级、性别的界限，携手合作。当然人类迈入21世纪以来，在打击贩毒这一行动上，各国已经形成一个大的阵营，共同寻求着有效的解决道路。
我们从联合国毒品和犯罪署(United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,UNODC)的统计数据来看，仅2009年全球吸食违禁物品一次以上的人数就为1.49-2.72亿（占据年龄为15-64岁全球居民的3.3-6.1%），这其中约有一半人数为长期吸食毒品者，他们至少一个月吸食一次毒品。而俄罗斯联邦吸食毒品的人数约为2-2.5百万，大约占国家人口总数的2%，甚至已经超过欧洲一些国家所提供社会可容忍指数的5-8倍，是德国吸食毒品人口数量的20倍。
我们的分析结果中还显示出另一个可怕的现象：随着目前每年吸食毒品的人数持续攀升，青年人群日益成为这些吸毒脆弱群体的中坚部分。这些年轻吸毒者的主体基本为18-25岁大学年龄段的青年，我们的数据显示有70%的大学生曾尝试吸食过毒品，其中25-30%为经常吸食毒品者，而每年对毒品需求增长的人群中有15%也为未成年人。
The Cognition of the International Community on Preventing Drug Abuse
国际社会对预防吸毒问题的认识
The international community have realized long ago that among all the countermeasures of striking drug abuse, the precautionary measures must have priority. The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs in 1961, Item 38 of its Additional Protocol in 1972 and Item 20 of Convention on Psychotropic Substances in 1971 have all precisely indicated "all measures should be taken to prevent drug and psychotropic substances abuse, the takers should be early detected, treated, educated and enabled to recover their labor capacity and return to society, they should also be observed after the treatment." The United Nations Commission on Narcotics Drugs indicated in the Political Declaration passed by the 20th Special Session of General Assembly on June 10th, 1998 that when using narcotic drugs, the governments should collaborate with strength of all sides, including social groups, families, schools, law enforcement agencies and communities, and appealed all member states to work together, resolutely implementing national countermeasures of preventing drug abuse. These countermeasures include calling up civil society, different classes, law enforcement agencies, criminal justice system, medical establishments and social insurance system to work together, jointly discussing effective plans to prevent drug abuse, participating and supporting the implementation of the plans.
In addition, the United Nations Commission on Narcotics Drugs has urged the member states to formulate more up-to-date policies on prevention of forbidden narcotic drugs, aiming at the young in particular, which should be in accordance with the states’ practical situation. Based on the precise national and international statistical data and compliance with national laws, these policies should ensure the implementation of all new measures and innovative measures to the largest extent. The commission also appealed the member states to conduct activities to prevent illegal drug abuse on the basis of Declaration on the Guiding Principles of Drug Demand Reduction, especially to prevent the juveniles from consuming any forbidden narcotic drugs in order to ensure the achievement of initial objective and a sustainable development. The commission also called on the member states to carry out and popularize different prevention activities for children and teenagers at diverse stages.
In the Political Declaration passed by the High Level Meeting of the 52th convention of the United Nations Commission on Narcotics Drugs on March 11-12, 2009, the member states reaffirmed their commitment that they would effectively develop, formulate, re-examine and consolidate the comprehensive plan to reduce young people’s demand for drugs. They would also adopt extensive measures, including primary prevention, early intervention, treatment, nursing care, rehabilitation, helping the drug abstainers to return to society and offering other relative supportive services, to achieve the improvement of human health and well-being and alleviate usage of drugs so as to ease the negative influence on the individuals and the whole society. In addition, they would pay highly attention to the young people and conduct work in different conditions such as family, school and working place. Therefore, all nations should adopt precautionary measures in accordance with the declaration to alleviate the young people’s demand for drugs. The precautionary principle aims to prevent the using of narcotic drugs so that they would not develop into regular needed drugs. The specific schemes are to stop using drugs during the prevention period and reduce their harm to the minimum. The principle pays special attention to the primary prevention, especially to substantially reducing the young people’s demand for drugs, which is one of the important conditions for drug prevention. To achieve this condition, it is needed to recognize early those juveniles who are using narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs without doctor’s approval. In order to recognize the drug taking juveniles, narcotic drug test should be adopted for citizens of some specific ranks, including educational institution (primary school, middle school and college) students.
国际社会早就认识到，在执行打击毒品泛滥的所有措施中，预防措施应占有优先性。在1961年关于麻醉品单一公约及1972年的补充议定书中的第38条与1971年精神药物公约中的第20条，也都明确地提出“需采取一切措施，防止吸食毒品及精神性药物，对吸食者开展早期发现、治疗、教育以及恢复其劳动能力、返回社会，并对其进行治疗后观察。”
联合国麻醉品委员会依据1998年6月10日联合国大会第20次专题会议通过的政治宣言指出，在麻醉品使用的过程中，政府应该联合包括社会群体、家庭、学校、执法机构、社区等各界力量，呼吁各成员国在协作的基础上，坚决实施国家防治吸食毒品的应对措施，包括动员民间社会、不同阶层，执法机关、刑事司法系统、医疗机构与社会保障系统等政府机构合作，共同研究有效地预防吸食毒品计划，并参与支持计划的实施。
除此以外，联合国麻醉品委员会还敦促各成员国根据各国实际情况，制订更为先进的预防吸食禁用麻醉品的政策，尤其是针对青年人。这些政策应在各国和国际最准确统计数据的基础上，在符合其国家法律的情况下，最大力度地保障各种新措施与创新措施的开展。委员会还呼吁各成员国在《减少毒品需求指导原则宣言》的基础上，开展预防非法吸食毒品的活动，特别是防止未成年人消费任何违禁麻醉物品；为了确保最初的目标，并实现可持续发展的成果，委员会还呼吁会员国对处于不同阶段的儿童和青少年，在他们的生活中开展并普及各种预防活动。
2009年3月11日至12日，在联合国麻醉药品委员会第52届会议的高级别会议通过的政治宣言中，成员国重申了其承诺，将会有效地开拓、制订、重审并巩固落实全面、综合的计划，以减少青年人对毒品的需求，并且以科学为依据采取广泛的措施，包括初级预防，早期干预，治疗，护理，康复，重返社会和相关的支持服务，为个人，家庭和社区实现改善健康和社会福祉并减轻药物的使用，减轻个人和整个社会带来的消极后果方面，给予青年高度的关注，并对青年开展包括家庭，学校，工作场所在内的不同条件下的工作。
因此，各国应切实按照文件中内容，采取预防措施，以减少青年对麻醉品的需求。预防纲领的目的为，在早期阶段预防麻醉品的使用，使之不发展为定期需求麻醉品的阶段。预防方案，旨在早期预防对麻醉药物的使用过程中，中断中期对药物滥用并将伤害降到最小。在这个纲领中，对那些需求麻醉品人们的初期预防给予特别关注，尤其是在大幅度削减青年对毒品的需求方面。这也是毒品预防的一个重要条件。而要想实现这一条件，则需要对未经医生处方同意就使用麻醉药品和精神药物的未成年人进行早期识别。解决这个问题可以采用对某个特定阶层公民，包括教育机构（中小学、大学）学生进行麻醉品药物测试的方法。
International Experience of Narcotic Drug Test
麻醉品测试领域的国际经验
According to Item 323 of the Russian Federal Constitution—"Russian Federation protects citizens’ basic health", the narcotic drug test is one of the medical tests, which is an intervention measure, aiming to recognize abnormal conditions, diseases and potential hazards. According to the Constitution, the prerequisite of the medical intervention is that citizens and juridical persons must agree with the intervention and no compelled drug test is allowed. The U.S. has done a good job on narcotic drug test. In the U.S., the drug test for students, workers, drivers and the arrested has lasted for over 25 years. The fact that narcotic drug has been tested in one’s body will not be recorded in personal record or be sentenced as criminal offence, but the positive test result could bring about some results as follows:
-the positive result could cause the refusing of employment;
-the positive result could cause dismissal or compulsive treatment;
-the driver will be taken in custody or be charged of criminal offence and revoked his driving qualification if he is tested as positive in the drug test;
-the parent who is tested as positive will be deprived of custody if the two parents are disputing the custody;
-the arrested will be locked up alone or be treated by special recover plan if they are tested as positive;
-for those staying in the rehabilitation center, if they are tested as positive, they will receive a higher level nursing such as nursing and rehabilitation in hospital.
In the following situation, the drug test is indirectly compulsory: the individual has the right to refuse the test but he or she will be warned, and the result will be considered as positive, which will definitely cause unfavorable administrative or legal consequence.
按照俄罗斯联邦宪法第323条“俄罗斯联邦保护公民身体健康基础”规定，对麻醉品的测试是医疗检测项目之一，这是一个旨在识别异常情况，对疾病及其潜在危险因素的干预措施。按照联邦宪法所指，采取这样的医疗干预的先决条件，是公民或法人自愿同意医疗干预，不允许进行强制药物测试。
其实在麻醉品测试方面，美国做的比较成功。美国对学生，工人，驾驶车辆者，被拘留者进行的麻醉品测试已经超过25年。麻醉药物在体内存在的事实不会被依附在个人记录上，或被定为刑事责任，但是个人检查结果呈阳性的后果会导致一些状况发生：
-在寻找工作时若麻醉品测试结果为阳性时，将会导致被拒绝从业；
-对麻醉品测试结果为阳性时，已经工作的人员有可能被开除或者是遣送接受治疗；
-对麻醉品或其它药品测试为阳性时，驾驶者会被拘留或负刑事责任并吊销驾驶资格；
-在对父母抚养权出现争议时，对麻醉品测试为阳性者将被剥夺抚养权；
-拘留人员在对麻醉品测试显阳性时，会对其进行单独关押，或者对其采用特殊康复计划；
-对在康复中心的个人，如果测试呈阳性，则可以向他提供一个更高层次的护理，如医院的护理和康复。
在以下情况中，测试是具有间接强制性的：个人有权拒绝测试，但会对他进行警告，如果不进行测试，将被视为阳性测试结果，这势必会对个人造成不利的行政或法律后果。
As to drug tests, many schools in the U.S. have been doing selective tests of narcotic drugs and alcohol and they have also been giving tests to those doubted groups. The Supreme Court of the United States has indicated that it allows giving tests to the doubted, and in many states, the narcotic tests will be possible to be added to the constitutions. In the U.S., the promotion of drug tests was carried out by Dr. Robert DuPont from the Institute for Behavior and Health in 1978.
Therefore, people who receive the drug tests will not be punished and they do it for the precautionary plans. The positive results will only be open to the parents and special consultants and the children will be suggested to receive consultation and treatment if needed. The result will not be used as reasons for punishment, let alone informing the police. Similarly, drug tests are also done in some European schools. In Belgium, Hungary, Ireland and Britain, the drug tests are done in some situations. In these nations, tests are done under the approval of the suspected students or their parents. In Norway, young people who use drugs or have the intention to use drugs as well as the young drug addicts will be registered and delivered to health agency and social service sectors, supervised by the police. The test on the juveniles is done under the approval of their parents and it will be executed compulsorily under the direction of the procurator if the parents refuse to give their children drug tests.
关于毒品测试方面，其实美国许多学校很久前就使用抽查的办法对麻醉品和酒精进行测试，而他们也同样会对所猜测的群体使用测试的方法。美国最高法院已表示允许对所怀疑对象使用麻醉品测试，并且在许多州，麻醉品测试可能被加入到宪法中。在美国，推广麻醉品测试的工作主要在1978年，由行为健康学院罗伯特·杜邦医生进行。
因此，在美国参与麻醉品测试的人员属于非惩罚性，并且他们是为预防方案而进行测试。如果测试呈现了阳性的结果，则该信息将仅向学生家长和特别顾问开放，而孩子们则会被建议去咨询，如果需要的话会接受治疗。测试结果不会被用为惩罚参与者，更不会被告知警察机构。
同样在欧洲的一些学校内也开展麻醉品测试。在比利时、匈牙利、爱尔兰和英国，测试是在某些情况下进行的。在这些国家，麻醉品测试是在涉嫌使用毒品的学生或学生家长同意的基础上进行测试。在挪威，年轻人中使用或者有使用精神物品倾向的，毒品依赖圈中的青年，这些人将会被登记并转交给卫生机构和社会服务部门，警方将进行监管。在取得父母的允许下，对未成年人进行测试。如果父母拒绝，则测试在检察官的指示下强制执行。
The Legal Affairs Procuratorate of Swedish Parliament passed Support Voluntary Narcotic Testing in Schools on April 26, 2010 which indicates that the testing for the school aged children does not go against the law as long as their parents agree to receive the tests. The society had a heated discussion on the issue whether the tests severely infringe upon the tested students’ human dignity. Beatrice, Minister of Justice, supported the tests and indicated that the earlier the identification of the tendency of using drugs was made, the more advantageous it was to adopt appropriate countermeasures. The Lithuanian government passed a law in 2002 which allowed narcotic testing in school physical examination and other special circumstances under the approval of the students or their parents. The National Education Committee of Finland formulated Narcotic Testing Memorandum. The vice-inspector of Finland said in parliament that only the professional medical agencies are allowed to give narcotic testing, and the tested person will be sent to receive treatment if the result is positive. In Britain, the education sector formulated books on narcotic testing which supported tests in schools under the approval of participants. In some countries, such as Belgium, Hungary and Ireland, narcotic testing has not been included in school discretion in administration. 2010年4月26日在瑞典，瑞典议会法律事物检察员通过《支持在学校中开展自愿测试的决定》并表明，如果参与检测者的父母同意接受检测，则这个年龄段的测试不违背国家法律体制。这说明，现在测试可以在瑞典所有的学校里进行。围绕着这个是否严重侵犯测试学生人格完整的问题，社会展开了热烈的讨论。司法部长比阿特丽斯支持测试，并指出，越早鉴别出对麻醉品使用的倾向，对采取正确的应对措施越有利；2002年立陶宛政府批准了一项法律，即在学生或父母同意的前提下，在学校体检或特殊情况可以进行麻醉品测试；2000年，在芬兰全国教育委员会制定了麻醉品测试备忘录。就麻醉品测试这个问题，芬兰副巡视员在议会说，只有专业医疗队伍可以测试，如果测试的结果呈阳性，则会被送去治疗；英国，在学校中教育部门制定了麻醉品倡议教科书，包括在学校中允许测试，现在需要参与者的认可。在一些国家，例如比利时、匈牙利和爱尔兰，麻醉品测试已经脱离学校行政自由裁量权。
Contradiction between Human Rights and Introduction of Drug Test in Russian Federation
人身权利与俄罗斯联邦引入毒品测试机制的问题
Most people against drug test in middle and primary schools hold that it is unethical and violates adults and teenagers’ rights. It interferes with people’s right of privacy and shows the loss of trust between teachers and students.
According to Article 8 Item 2 of European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms which was put in force in 1950, there shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. Does drug use violate others’ rights and freedom? We need to confirm whether drug users pose threats to people around them.
Experts estimate that a drug user may lead 15 to 30 people around him or her to try drugs in his or her whole life. But we have to point out this estimation is only based on some registered drug users. Most drug users are beyond government supervision over a long time (according to doctors, it takes about four years for a drug user to seek medical help after his or her first drug use). This is called incubation period. Drug users will lure other people to take drugs without supervision. Besides, those drug addicts start to behavior abnormally. It can be concluded that drug users will cause great risks to other people, especially juveniles.
In our country, most people are required to take tuberculosis and HIV tests every year. No one argues about the necessity of these precautious measures. Drugs cause damages too. It takes peoples’ lives which is no less than that caused by these two diseases. Then why do we question drugs testing? Gennady Onishchenko, Head of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Protection and Welfare and Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Russia, once said, "There are many people taking drugs. That’s because the society still hasn’t recognized the horror of drug use. It entitles teenagers the right of self-destruction." When we talk about rights that drug test violates, what are these rights, right of self-destruction? The world still doesn’t have the answer, including the Russian Federation. 大多数反对引入中小学毒品测试的声音主要集中在道德、成人与青少年的权利，以及对隐私权的妨碍、老师与学生之间相互信任的缺失等方面。
而根据1950年实施的保护人权与基本自由的欧洲公约第8章第2条规定，当为保障其他公民的健康、道德、权利与自由时，公共权力部门可以在合法的基础上使用权利进行干预。吸食毒品是否侵犯了其他人的权利与自由？我们必须要确定吸毒者是否对周围的人群造成危险。
根据专家的估算，吸毒者在他的一生中可吸引周围15-30个人尝试毒品。但我们同时必须指出的是，此数据只是计算了部分进行登记的吸毒者，而大部分吸毒者在很长时间内都隐藏在国家监督之外（从第一次尝试毒品到寻求医疗帮助，根据戒毒医生统计，大致为4年）。这个阶段被称为潜伏期，吸毒者可毫无监督地吸引他人来共同尝试毒品，而且，已有毒瘾的吸毒者，其行为开始向异常倾斜，所以总的来说，可以做以下结论，吸食毒品的人，给其他人群，特别是未成年人带来极大的危险。
在我们的国家，我们大部分人都有每年进行肺结核检查的要求，必须检验艾滋病的要求，然而并没有任何人争论这些预防措施，怀疑他们的必要性，而毒品所带来的危害，剥夺人生命的数量一点也不少于因上述两种疾病死亡的人数，我们为什么要质疑毒品检测呢？联邦消费者权益保护和社会福利监督局局长、俄联邦首席医生根纳季·阿尼申克说过：“有很多人吸食毒品，那是因为社会没有充分认清吸毒现象的可怕，而导致的青年实行其自我毁灭的权利。”所以我们说毒品检测的引入究竟侵犯了哪些权利？难道是自我毁灭的权利？这个问题在整个世界仍毫无答案，包括在俄罗斯联邦。
On April 18, 2011, the then Russian President Dmitry Medvedev publicly supported the law on drug test in middle and primary schools in a state conference held in Irkutsk. He believed that laws on drug test in schools should not only be implemented in some regions. The federal government should also pass the law. Viktor Ivanov, Director of the Federal Service for Drug Control, also said that drug test is to "effectively detect problems earlier".
However, experts have different opinions. Some say it is a must, some don’t see the point of doing this, and others think it violates children’s rights.
Experts who think drug test violates human rights stated in the Constitution and International Law hold that citizens are not required to keep healthy by laws. So there is no need of outside enforcement. However, Conventions on the Rights of the Child states clearly that all signatory countries need to take actions, including legislation, administration and society, and educational measures, to protect children from illegally taking drugs and psychotropic substances. It also prohibits hiring children to illegally produce and sell such substances. Therefore, since it is indicated that children may face threats of drugs in schools, countries (including the Russian Federation) must take preventive actions.
2011年4月18日在伊尔库茨克举行的国务会议上，时任俄罗斯总统的德米特里·梅德韦杰夫公开支持通过在中小学进行毒品检测的法律，他认为，有关中小学生进行毒品检测的法令，不止应该在部分区域实施，首先是应在联邦政府层面通过。同时，联邦毒品流通监督局局长维克多·伊万诺夫也表示，检测的必须性是为了“高效的发现早期问题”。
但是围绕这个问题，专家们却意见不同：一些认为这是必须的手段，另一类认为看不到其中的意义何在，第三类则认为它侵犯了孩子们的权力。
那些认为实施毒品检测侵犯了宪法与国际法中人身权利的专家表示，法律并没有规定公民必须维护自身健康，因而并不需要外界强制执行。但保护儿童权利公约中却明确规定，签约国必须采取措施，包括立法、行政与社会，也包括教育领域中的措施，保护孩子远离非法的吸食毒品与精神药物。并且禁止利用孩子非法生产与经营此类物质。因此，既然有危险说明学校里的孩子可能遭遇毒品的威胁，则国家（包括俄罗斯联邦）必须采取任何措施来防止。
Drug test is an effective preventive method. It acts as a deterrent to teenagers. It can also help get the actual number of students who take drugs and evaluate the current drug situation of the country. Besides, drug test can provide children with timely psychological and medical help. It will be much easier to save them before they become addicted to drugs. However, to implement preventive measures, such as drug test, Russia needs to make corresponding laws. Driven by the Federal Service for Drug Control, most regions in Russia have now enacted and passed regional laws of Drug and Chemical Control, especially the Far-East Administrative Region. The law has been passed in all administrative regions.
The local sectors of the Federal Service for Drug Control are also promoting program of early drug test (no intervention by doctors). The program is also promoted in other administrative regions of Russia. Primary and secondary school students and students who attend the college admission exam will have to take drug test on voluntary basis. College students also need to take such test in their annual physical examination. In some regions, laws have been made to guarantee the implementation, such as in the Republic of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, in the Kaluga, Kostroma, Moscow, Penza, Ryazan and Ulyanovsk regions and Moscow city.
But this is not enough. We also need to revise the Labor Law of the Russian Federation so that employers can require new employees to pass drug test when employing them or before signing the contracts. In the meantime, people need to pass the drug test before they get driving licenses, permissions to purchase weapons (including hunting, sports, gas and traumatic) and work permits of harmful jobs.
这样的情况下，毒品检测作为预防措施，是较为有效的手段，因为毒品检测除了对未成年人起到震慑作用外，还能了解到实际吸毒学生的统计数据，客观的评估整个国家涉毒的现状。除此之外，毒品测试还可以给孩子们提供及时的心理与医疗帮助。当孩子们的手中出现毒品的印迹时，提早解救他们，要比等他们上瘾以后再解救，要容易得多。但是，实施像毒品测试这样的预防措施，在俄罗斯联邦必须制定相应的法律基础。
当前，在俄罗斯联邦毒品流通监督局的推动下，俄联邦大多数地区已制定与通过了《关于预防吸毒与吸食化学药品》的区域性法律。特别是在远东行政区，这项法律已在所有行政区通过。
俄罗斯联邦毒品流通监督局各地方部门也在积极推行吸毒早期检测（无需医生介入）项目。项目结果也推广到俄联邦各个行政区，自愿的基础上对中小学生与高考学生进行毒品测试，以及对大学生在每年的体检时进行毒品测试。这个预防方向在一些地区已通过立法的形式确定，如：鞑靼尔斯坦与巴什喀尔达斯坦共和国、卡卢加、喀斯特喇嘛、莫斯科、奔撒、梁赞与乌里扬诺夫州，以及莫斯科市。
但是这样还是远远不够的，我们也需要重新更改俄罗斯联邦劳动法，使得雇主在接收新员工时，先让新员工通过毒品测试，或者在签订劳动合同前提出相应的要求。同样。在获得驾照、获得购买武器许可（猎用、运动型、气体型与损伤性等）、获得有害岗位工作许可时都需要通过毒品检验。
All these measures are now only based on regional laws. There is no such a federal law. According to Article 51, Item 4 of the Russian Federation Law on Education No. 3266-1 of July 10, 1992, the public health authorities shall provide the medical service for the students, pupils of the educational establishment. However, no legal provisions specifically stipulate the way of physical test and test of early symptoms.
On January 27, 2011, amendment to the Russian Federation Law on Education was proposed at the State Council Presidium. Medical service should add disease system prevention and individual special inspection to ensure the health of students and pupils of the educational establishment, to realize disease warning (infectious disease and some common life-threatening diseases), and to conduct timely diagnosis and treatment of the above-mentioned diseases. Moreover, we need to re-examine legal provisions on education institution passed by the federal government and add the provision of the drug test during school years. However, there is no agreement on the pros and cons of the compulsory drug test of college and secondary school students. On one hand, drug test can help detect problems in early days and therefore help parents and teenage addicts eliminate bad effects. On the other hand, if we regard the drug test as medical intervention, its being compulsory is against the federal laws. Besides, not all drug abuse behaviors are diseases. But they all break the law and must be punished (drug users face a fine of 4,000-5,000 rubles or a 15-day detention under the Article 6.9, Item 1 of the Russian Federation Administrative Offense Code). Then students who accept drug test become the suspects. The drug test may also violate personal privacy and reveal personal information to others, including the police. There may also be some mistakes in the drug test. The fake-positive results will hurt innocent people.
所有这些措施都只是在区域性法律的基础之上存在，而在联邦法律层面没有获得支持。根据俄罗斯联邦1992年7月10日第3266-1号《教育》法 51号法第4章规定，教育机构中学生的医疗服务由医疗机构保障。但是法律条文中没有具体规定，以何种形式与容量来对学生进行体检，也没有相关检查早期病症的规定。
因此，2011年1月27日俄罗斯联邦国务委员会主席团工作会议中提出修改俄联邦教育法中的提案：为保障教育机构内学生的健康，实现疾病预警（传染病、社会普遍存在的对公众产生威胁的疾病）以及对上述病症的早期诊断与治疗，医疗服务中应加入开展疾病系统防治与个别医疗专项检查的内容。同时我们也需要重新审视俄罗斯联邦政府确认的相关教育机构的法律条文，补充加入在整个学年中开展毒品检测的条文。
但是有关大中学生强制性进行毒品测验的利与弊至今没有一个统一的答案。一方面，实施测试可以在早期有效发现问题，并为父母与未成年吸毒者提供帮助，消除其不良影响。另一方面，如果毒品测试作为医疗干预，强制性的形式与俄罗斯联邦立法相矛盾。而且，不是所有吸毒行为都是疾病，但任何吸毒行为都是对法律的触犯，要受到惩处（俄罗斯联邦行政处理条例6.9章第1条4000-5000卢布的罚款或者15天以下的拘留），因此所有接受检测的学生就成为违法活动的嫌疑人，而且存在着很大的侵犯个人隐私与泄露个人资料的可能性，包括这些资料可能流入警方。最终，毒品测试也有可能给予错误的判定，所有虚假的阳性结果，将带给无辜的人伤害。
We can see that the drug test is a double-edge sword. Given the spread of drugs in Russia in the past five years, we believe that our society is suffering plague, which affects all fields of the education department. And the bad effect is increasing. There is less youth labor force. The Russian government must develop a truly effective way to prevent and cure drug use so that drug users can return to the society.
Referring to international experience, we believe that an objective evaluation of the drug spreading situation in Russia will promote the drug test among students, in hiring new employees, in getting driving licenses and in annual physical examinations of dangerous jobs on voluntary basis, and make the drug test an effective way to promote healthy lifestyle and prevent drug addiction.
我们看到，毒品测试确实具有双刃剑的性质。但是考虑到近5年来毒品在俄罗斯蔓延的速度，我们还是认为，我们的社会正在遭遇瘟疫，它渗透到包括教育部门的各个领域，其不良影响在加剧，具有劳动力的青年数量在不断减少。俄罗斯政府必须制定一套真正有效的预防、治疗与医疗手段使吸毒者重新融入到社会当中。
参考国际经验，我们认为，对俄罗斯毒品蔓延情况的客观评估将促进在学生当中、招收新员工时、获得驾照、以及危险工种入职时的每年身体检查中，在自愿的基础上推广毒品测试，也使得毒品测试同时成为宣传健康生活形式与预防吸毒的有效手段。
Kurilenok A.B., Attorney, Member of Russian Youth Sports Promote Foundation