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在资本主义总危机的情况下,资产阶级一些经济学家企图重新证明资本主义利润范畴的有效性,并企图利用它来强化垄断资本的统治。在19世纪到20世纪之交,资产阶级政治经济学中形成了理论方法上两个主要派别——新古典派和制度学派。资产阶级关于资本主义总危机前夜的利润学说,实际上是由新古典这一学派所代表的。新古典作家的利润理论,乃是当代资产阶级的一切利润理论的出发点,它获得了各种不同的现代化说法。同时,在同新古典利润理论的斗争中又形成了凯恩斯的和制度学派的利润概念。基于劳动价值论的基础上,资产阶级政治经济学的古典作家斯密和李嘉图建立了自己的利润理论,接近于理解利润是剩余价值的普遍形式。古典学派在利润学说方面的成就在于,他们把对利润范畴的研究同资本积累、社会财富增长的要素,即同经济动态问题密切地联系起来。古典作家们论证了利润在资本主义经济体系中的重要地位。但是,只
Under the general crisis of capitalism, some economists in the bourgeoisie attempt to revalidate the validity of capitalist profit categories and attempt to use it to strengthen the monopoly capital rule. At the turn of the nineteenth century to the twentieth century, the bourgeois political economy formed two major schools of the theoretical method, neoclassical and institutionalist. The doctrine of profits of the bourgeoisie on the eve of the general crisis of capitalism is actually represented by this school of neoclassicism. The neo-classical writers’ theory of profit, which is the starting point for all the theory of profits of the contemporary bourgeoisie, has gained a variety of modernizations. At the same time, the concept of profit of Keynesian and Institutionalism was formed in the struggle against the neoclassical profit theory. Based on the theory of labor value, classical writers Smith and Ricardo, bourgeois political economics, set up their own profit theory, close to the general form of understanding that profit is surplus value. The classical school’s success in the doctrine of profit lies in the fact that they study the category of profit in close connection with the elements of capital accumulation and social wealth growth, that is, with the economic dynamics. Classical writers demonstrated the important position of profit in the capitalist economy. But only