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鸦片战争后,中国被迫进入近代国际社会。此时,中国朝野并不认同西方以强权为中心的国际关系模式。直至甲午战后,中国的维新志士始认为东方的日本和西方的欧美才是真正的文明国家。这种“文明国家”论虽然启动了中国全面学习西方现代化的历程,但中国在国际社会上的地位并没有因此得以任何实质性的提升。第一次世界大战及十月革命极大地改变了原有的国际秩序,以强权为特征的军国主义思潮受到世界舆论的抨击和否定。中国的新知识阶层从十月革命的成功中看到中国国内变革和国际关系变革的新途径。随后,反对帝国主义逐渐成为中国知识界对西方世界的主导认识。
After the Opium War, China was forced into the modern international community. At this point, the Chinese ruling and opposition parties did not agree with the Western model of international relations with power as the center. Until the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, the Chinese peacemakers began to think that Japan, the East, and Europe and the West, were truly civilized countries. Although this “civilized country” theory has initiated China’s course of studying western modernization in an all-round way, China’s position in the international community has not been any substantial improvement. The First World War and the October Revolution have greatly changed the existing international order. The militarist trend characterized by power has been attacked and denied by world media. From the success of the October Revolution, China’s new intelligentsia sees a new way for China’s domestic reform and international relations to change. Subsequently, opposition to imperialism gradually became the dominant understanding of the Western world by Chinese intellectuals.