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一、技术变革与企业的内部研究和外部研究企业进行技术研究时,一般可以寻求两种途径:一是企业自身拥有的内部机构称为内部研究机构;二是非企业拥有的研究机构,称为外部或独立研究机构。以美国为例,19世纪后期和20世纪头50年之前,几乎所有的研究与发展都是由企业外的独立研究机构进行的(戴维.J.蒂斯1992),但之后美国的制造企业增加了企业内研究与发展的比重,
First, the technological changes and internal research and external research Enterprise technology research, the general can seek two ways: First, the internal business owned by the enterprise itself is called the internal research institutions; Second, non-enterprise-owned research institutes, known as the external Or independent research institutes. In the United States, for example, almost all research and development was conducted by independent research organizations outside the enterprise (David J. Tisse 1992) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. But after that, American manufacturing firms Increase the proportion of research and development within the enterprise,