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“直接引语和间接引语”在高中英语课本第一册语法部分中讲得很清楚。笔者换个角度或对其作些补充，可谓“引语杂谈”。
一、人称变化秘诀：一随主、二随宾、三不变
文中“一、二、三”指的是直接引语中代词的人称。直接引语中代词的人称，变为间接引语时，要作相应的变化。“一随主”的意思是直接引语中的代词为第一人称，变为间接引语时，要随着主句主语的人称而变化。如下面例句2）直接引语中的“we”随着主句的主语“he”，在间接引语中变为“they”。其余类推。
1. 一随主：直接引语中的人称代词为第一人称，变为间接引语时，必须与主句的主语在人称上保持一致。如：
1)John said, “I am fond of football.”→John said that he was fond of football.
2)He said to me, “We have to hunt for food in order to survive.”→He told me that they had to hunt for food in order to survive.
2. 二随宾：直接引语中的人称代词为第二人称，变为间接引语时，必须与主句的宾语保持一致；如果没有宾语，但有称呼语，应把称呼语看作主句的宾语；如果既没有宾语又没有称呼语，则把直接引语中的第二人称变为第一人称。如：
1)“What are you talking about now?” I asked them.→I asked them what they were talking about then.
2)Tom said, “In total, you have learned thirty hundred words, Mary.” →Tom told Mary that she had learned thirty hundred words in total.
3)“Did you stay up too late last night?” said Nancy.→Nancy asked (me) if/whether I had stayed up too late the night before.
3. 三不变：直接引语中的代词为第三人称，变为间接引语时，第三人称保持不变。如：
1)“They brought in good habits from the country,” she said.→She told (us) that they had brought in good habits from the country.
2)Joe asked, “Does he speak American English well except for a few mistakes? ” →Joe asked me if he spoke American English well except for a few mistakes.
3)The teacher said, “These had come about in this way.”→The teacher said that those had come about in that way.
二、七个不变：此处指时态不变
如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变间接引语时，宾语从句（间接引语）的谓语动词在时态上要作相应变化（课本上讲得很清楚，不再赘述）。但是下面七种情况，间接引语的时态保持不变。
1.当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时、一般将来时、现在进行时或现在完成时时，直接引语变为间接引语，时态保持不变。如：
1)He says, “I have made friends with her.”→He says that he has made friends with her.
2)She will say, “I am friends with him.”→She will say that she is friends with him.
3)Mother is saying to me, “I am going to see a doctor this afternoon.”→Mother is telling me that she is going to see a doctor this afternoon.
2. 直接引语的谓语动词是过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时或有特定的时间、地点状语，变为间接引语时，时态保持不变。如：
1)He said, “When I met them, they were talking about likes and dislikes.”→He said that when he met them, they were talking about likes and dislikes.
2)“I was born in Beijing in 1968,” said Sarah.→Sarah said she was born in Beijing in 1968.
3. 直接引语如果是客观真理、格言、习惯动作，变间接引语时，时态保持不变。如：
“The enemy always ends up with being defeated,” said Mao Zedong. →Mao Zedong said that the enemy always ends up with being defeated.
4. 直接引语中含有情态动词could, might, should, would, ought to, had better, used to, had to, 变为间接引语时，时态保持不变。如：
This boy said, “I’d like to use the Internet to make friends.”→That boy said that he’d like to use the Internet to make friends.
5. 直接引语中含有like, wish, hope, want, know等带有表示情感色彩的一般过去时或过去进行时的动词时，时态保持不变。如：
Joe asked me, “How did you like this novel?”→Joe asked me how I liked that novel.
6. 直接引语中的动作或状态，说话时仍在继续，并对此点加以强调时，间接引语的时态保持不变。如：
They said, “We are building China into a prosperous(繁荣的） and powerful socialist country.”→They said that they are building China into a prosperous and powerful socialist country.
7. 直接引语中的谓语动词是虚拟语气，变间接引语时，时态保持不变。如：
“I insist that she(should) give up smoking,” said the doctor.→The doctor said he insisted that she give up smoking.
三、九项注意
除了必须掌握高中一册英语关于“直接引语和间接引语”的语法规则之外，还必须牢记以下九项注意。
1. 直接引语是反意疑问句时，因为意义上与一般疑问句相同，同样须将反意疑问句变为由连词if或whether引导的宾语从句。如：
He said, “You have waited long, haven’t you?”→He asked(us) if/ whether we had waited long.
2. 直接引语是选择疑问句时，须用连词whether…or…而不用if…or…引导宾语从句。如：
“Are you leaving for London tomorrow or the day after tomorrow?” Joe asked Tom.→Joe asked Tom whether he was leaving for London the next day or in two days’ time.
3.直接引语是感叹句时，变间接引语可用what或how引导, 也可用that引导。如：
“What a deserted island it is!”he said.→He said what a deserted island it was. 或He said that it was a deserted island.
4. 有些形式上是疑问句，如：Would you…? Could you…? Will you…? 而实质上是表示“请求、劝告、建议”等意义的祈使句，在变为间接引语时，除按一般疑问句的方式变为间接引语外，还可以按祈使句的方式，把疑问句中的谓语动词变为不定式，作宾语补足语。如：
1)“Will you please stay with me?” Mother said to her daughter.→Mother asked her daughter to stay with her.
2)“Could you turn down the radio?” she said.→She told me to turn down the radio.
5. 直接引语中疑问句里含有条件状语从句，变间接引语时，要用whether作引导词，不能用if作引导词。如：
“Will you go there if it snows tomorrow?” asked the woman.→The woman asked whether I would come here if it snowed the next day.
6. 如果直接引语是包括“陈述句+疑问句”、“疑问句+祈使句”或“祈使句+陈述句”等的混合型直接引语时，一般要分别使用每一类句子的引述动词。如：
The teacher said to the students, “Pay attention to me and I’ll tell you how to pronounce kilometer.” →The teacher asked the students to pay attention to him and told them that he would tell them how to pronounce kilometer.
7. 如果直接引语有以when, while, since等引导的时间状语从句，变为间接引语时，只改变主句的时态，从句的时态不变。如：
Chuck said, “I learnt a lot about myself when I was alone on the island.” →Chuck said that he had learnt a lot about himself when he was alone on the island.
8. 直接引语中的must表示“必须”时，变为间接引语既可用must也可用had to或would have to。如：
Chuck said, “I must learn to survive all alone.”→Chuck said that he must/had to/would have to learn to survive all alone.
9. 直接引语变间接引语要视具体情况而定，切忌硬套语法条条。因此时间、地点、人称、语气、主句谓语动词的确定、从句谓语动词的方向性，都要合情合理，自然得体。如：
“Why don’t you go there for a walk with me tonight?” he asked. →He advised me to go there for a walk with him tonight.
此句并非一般的特殊疑问句，更不是否定句，而是强烈地建议，所以把 “Why don’t you go there…?”看作祈使句。假定转述就在当时、当地，go,there, tonight都不变。
四、跟踪练与析
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
1. “I’m going to see her. Can you go with me?” he asked me. →He said that ____ was going to see ____ and asked me if ____could go with ____.
A. he, her, I, him B. you, me, he, her
C. he, me, you, her D. I, you, I, him
2. He told me that they would help us help ourselves（帮助我们自力更生）. →“____ will help ____ help ____,” he said to me.
A. They, you, yourself B. He, us, ourselves
C. We, them, themselves D. We, you, yourselves
3. She said, “I wish you health and success in the rat year.” →She said that ____ wished ____ health and success in the rat year.
A. she, him B. she, me C. you, us D. he, us
4. “We decided not to go there,” she has said. →She has said that they ____ not to come here.
A. decide B. have decided C. decided D. had decided
5. He said, “When I saw them, they were playing basketball.” →He said that when he ____ them, they ____ basketball.
A. have seen, were playing B. saw, were playing
C. had seen, are playing D. see, are playing
6. “Time is money,” the teacher said to the students. →The teacher ____ the students that time ____ money.
A. advised, was B. asked, is
C. said to, must be D. told, is
7. “The old had better get up early and go to bed early,” said the doctor. →The doctor told us that the old ____ get up early and go to bed early.
A. had better B. had had best
C. have better D. has best
8. John said, “How did you know it, Ann?” →John asked Ann how ____ it.
A. he knew B. you had known
C. he had known D. she knew
9. “The workers are trying to fulfil the task ahead of time,” said the factory director. →The factory director said that the workers ____ to fulfil the task ahead of time.
A. were trying B. have tried C. are trying D. would try
10. “It’s time we had a holiday,” said Steve. →Steve said that it ____ time ____ a holiday.
A. was, they had B. is, they had
C. was, they had had D. was, you had
11. John said, “I am late, aren’t I?” →John asked ____ he ____ late.
A. whether, is B. if, was C. that, wasn’t D. that, was
12. “Are you fond of singing or dancing?” Steve asked Peter. →Steve asked Peter ____ fond of singing or dancing.
A. if he was B. whether she was
C. if you were D. whether he was
13. Chuck said, “How lonely I feel!”→Chuck said ____.
A. how lonely she felt B. what lonely he felt
C. that he felt lonely D. that she felt lonely
14. “Could you meet me at four?” he asked her. →He asked her ____ at four.
A. to meet him B. if she could meet him
C. whether she could meet him D. all of above
15. “Are you hunting for a lost book if I haven’t guessed wrong?”asked the policeman. →The policeman asked ____ was hunting for a lost book ____ hadn’t guessed wrong.
A. if I, if he B. whether I, if he
C. if you, whether I D. whether you, if he
16. The nurse said, “You want to care about each other. Don’t smoke here.” →
The nurse said ____ wanted to care about each other and ____smoke there.
A. that we, she told us don’t
B. we, she told us not to
C. that you, he ordered you not to
D. you, he advised you didn’t to
17. “After America became an independent country, the language slowly began to change,” said the teacher. →
The teacher told us after America ____ an independent country, the language ____ to change.
A. became, had slowly begun
B. had become, had slowly begun
C. had become, slowly began
D. became, slowly began
18. “Isn’t my necklace beautiful?” said Nancy. →_____________
A. Nancy asked if her necklace is very beautiful.
B. Nancy asked whether her necklace wasn’t very beautiful.
C. Nancy thought that her necklace was very beautiful.
D. Nancy thought her necklace wasn’t very beautiful.
Key(2)
一、人称变化秘诀：一随主、二随宾、三不变
文中“一、二、三”指的是直接引语中代词的人称。直接引语中代词的人称，变为间接引语时，要作相应的变化。“一随主”的意思是直接引语中的代词为第一人称，变为间接引语时，要随着主句主语的人称而变化。如下面例句2）直接引语中的“we”随着主句的主语“he”，在间接引语中变为“they”。其余类推。
1. 一随主：直接引语中的人称代词为第一人称，变为间接引语时，必须与主句的主语在人称上保持一致。如：
1)John said, “I am fond of football.”→John said that he was fond of football.
2)He said to me, “We have to hunt for food in order to survive.”→He told me that they had to hunt for food in order to survive.
2. 二随宾：直接引语中的人称代词为第二人称，变为间接引语时，必须与主句的宾语保持一致；如果没有宾语，但有称呼语，应把称呼语看作主句的宾语；如果既没有宾语又没有称呼语，则把直接引语中的第二人称变为第一人称。如：
1)“What are you talking about now?” I asked them.→I asked them what they were talking about then.
2)Tom said, “In total, you have learned thirty hundred words, Mary.” →Tom told Mary that she had learned thirty hundred words in total.
3)“Did you stay up too late last night?” said Nancy.→Nancy asked (me) if/whether I had stayed up too late the night before.
3. 三不变：直接引语中的代词为第三人称，变为间接引语时，第三人称保持不变。如：
1)“They brought in good habits from the country,” she said.→She told (us) that they had brought in good habits from the country.
2)Joe asked, “Does he speak American English well except for a few mistakes? ” →Joe asked me if he spoke American English well except for a few mistakes.
3)The teacher said, “These had come about in this way.”→The teacher said that those had come about in that way.
二、七个不变：此处指时态不变
如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变间接引语时，宾语从句（间接引语）的谓语动词在时态上要作相应变化（课本上讲得很清楚，不再赘述）。但是下面七种情况，间接引语的时态保持不变。
1.当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时、一般将来时、现在进行时或现在完成时时，直接引语变为间接引语，时态保持不变。如：
1)He says, “I have made friends with her.”→He says that he has made friends with her.
2)She will say, “I am friends with him.”→She will say that she is friends with him.
3)Mother is saying to me, “I am going to see a doctor this afternoon.”→Mother is telling me that she is going to see a doctor this afternoon.
2. 直接引语的谓语动词是过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时或有特定的时间、地点状语，变为间接引语时，时态保持不变。如：
1)He said, “When I met them, they were talking about likes and dislikes.”→He said that when he met them, they were talking about likes and dislikes.
2)“I was born in Beijing in 1968,” said Sarah.→Sarah said she was born in Beijing in 1968.
3. 直接引语如果是客观真理、格言、习惯动作，变间接引语时，时态保持不变。如：
“The enemy always ends up with being defeated,” said Mao Zedong. →Mao Zedong said that the enemy always ends up with being defeated.
4. 直接引语中含有情态动词could, might, should, would, ought to, had better, used to, had to, 变为间接引语时，时态保持不变。如：
This boy said, “I’d like to use the Internet to make friends.”→That boy said that he’d like to use the Internet to make friends.
5. 直接引语中含有like, wish, hope, want, know等带有表示情感色彩的一般过去时或过去进行时的动词时，时态保持不变。如：
Joe asked me, “How did you like this novel?”→Joe asked me how I liked that novel.
6. 直接引语中的动作或状态，说话时仍在继续，并对此点加以强调时，间接引语的时态保持不变。如：
They said, “We are building China into a prosperous(繁荣的） and powerful socialist country.”→They said that they are building China into a prosperous and powerful socialist country.
7. 直接引语中的谓语动词是虚拟语气，变间接引语时，时态保持不变。如：
“I insist that she(should) give up smoking,” said the doctor.→The doctor said he insisted that she give up smoking.
三、九项注意
除了必须掌握高中一册英语关于“直接引语和间接引语”的语法规则之外，还必须牢记以下九项注意。
1. 直接引语是反意疑问句时，因为意义上与一般疑问句相同，同样须将反意疑问句变为由连词if或whether引导的宾语从句。如：
He said, “You have waited long, haven’t you?”→He asked(us) if/ whether we had waited long.
2. 直接引语是选择疑问句时，须用连词whether…or…而不用if…or…引导宾语从句。如：
“Are you leaving for London tomorrow or the day after tomorrow?” Joe asked Tom.→Joe asked Tom whether he was leaving for London the next day or in two days’ time.
3.直接引语是感叹句时，变间接引语可用what或how引导, 也可用that引导。如：
“What a deserted island it is!”he said.→He said what a deserted island it was. 或He said that it was a deserted island.
4. 有些形式上是疑问句，如：Would you…? Could you…? Will you…? 而实质上是表示“请求、劝告、建议”等意义的祈使句，在变为间接引语时，除按一般疑问句的方式变为间接引语外，还可以按祈使句的方式，把疑问句中的谓语动词变为不定式，作宾语补足语。如：
1)“Will you please stay with me?” Mother said to her daughter.→Mother asked her daughter to stay with her.
2)“Could you turn down the radio?” she said.→She told me to turn down the radio.
5. 直接引语中疑问句里含有条件状语从句，变间接引语时，要用whether作引导词，不能用if作引导词。如：
“Will you go there if it snows tomorrow?” asked the woman.→The woman asked whether I would come here if it snowed the next day.
6. 如果直接引语是包括“陈述句+疑问句”、“疑问句+祈使句”或“祈使句+陈述句”等的混合型直接引语时，一般要分别使用每一类句子的引述动词。如：
The teacher said to the students, “Pay attention to me and I’ll tell you how to pronounce kilometer.” →The teacher asked the students to pay attention to him and told them that he would tell them how to pronounce kilometer.
7. 如果直接引语有以when, while, since等引导的时间状语从句，变为间接引语时，只改变主句的时态，从句的时态不变。如：
Chuck said, “I learnt a lot about myself when I was alone on the island.” →Chuck said that he had learnt a lot about himself when he was alone on the island.
8. 直接引语中的must表示“必须”时，变为间接引语既可用must也可用had to或would have to。如：
Chuck said, “I must learn to survive all alone.”→Chuck said that he must/had to/would have to learn to survive all alone.
9. 直接引语变间接引语要视具体情况而定，切忌硬套语法条条。因此时间、地点、人称、语气、主句谓语动词的确定、从句谓语动词的方向性，都要合情合理，自然得体。如：
“Why don’t you go there for a walk with me tonight?” he asked. →He advised me to go there for a walk with him tonight.
此句并非一般的特殊疑问句，更不是否定句，而是强烈地建议，所以把 “Why don’t you go there…?”看作祈使句。假定转述就在当时、当地，go,there, tonight都不变。
四、跟踪练与析
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
1. “I’m going to see her. Can you go with me?” he asked me. →He said that ____ was going to see ____ and asked me if ____could go with ____.
A. he, her, I, him B. you, me, he, her
C. he, me, you, her D. I, you, I, him
2. He told me that they would help us help ourselves（帮助我们自力更生）. →“____ will help ____ help ____,” he said to me.
A. They, you, yourself B. He, us, ourselves
C. We, them, themselves D. We, you, yourselves
3. She said, “I wish you health and success in the rat year.” →She said that ____ wished ____ health and success in the rat year.
A. she, him B. she, me C. you, us D. he, us
4. “We decided not to go there,” she has said. →She has said that they ____ not to come here.
A. decide B. have decided C. decided D. had decided
5. He said, “When I saw them, they were playing basketball.” →He said that when he ____ them, they ____ basketball.
A. have seen, were playing B. saw, were playing
C. had seen, are playing D. see, are playing
6. “Time is money,” the teacher said to the students. →The teacher ____ the students that time ____ money.
A. advised, was B. asked, is
C. said to, must be D. told, is
7. “The old had better get up early and go to bed early,” said the doctor. →The doctor told us that the old ____ get up early and go to bed early.
A. had better B. had had best
C. have better D. has best
8. John said, “How did you know it, Ann?” →John asked Ann how ____ it.
A. he knew B. you had known
C. he had known D. she knew
9. “The workers are trying to fulfil the task ahead of time,” said the factory director. →The factory director said that the workers ____ to fulfil the task ahead of time.
A. were trying B. have tried C. are trying D. would try
10. “It’s time we had a holiday,” said Steve. →Steve said that it ____ time ____ a holiday.
A. was, they had B. is, they had
C. was, they had had D. was, you had
11. John said, “I am late, aren’t I?” →John asked ____ he ____ late.
A. whether, is B. if, was C. that, wasn’t D. that, was
12. “Are you fond of singing or dancing?” Steve asked Peter. →Steve asked Peter ____ fond of singing or dancing.
A. if he was B. whether she was
C. if you were D. whether he was
13. Chuck said, “How lonely I feel!”→Chuck said ____.
A. how lonely she felt B. what lonely he felt
C. that he felt lonely D. that she felt lonely
14. “Could you meet me at four?” he asked her. →He asked her ____ at four.
A. to meet him B. if she could meet him
C. whether she could meet him D. all of above
15. “Are you hunting for a lost book if I haven’t guessed wrong?”asked the policeman. →The policeman asked ____ was hunting for a lost book ____ hadn’t guessed wrong.
A. if I, if he B. whether I, if he
C. if you, whether I D. whether you, if he
16. The nurse said, “You want to care about each other. Don’t smoke here.” →
The nurse said ____ wanted to care about each other and ____smoke there.
A. that we, she told us don’t
B. we, she told us not to
C. that you, he ordered you not to
D. you, he advised you didn’t to
17. “After America became an independent country, the language slowly began to change,” said the teacher. →
The teacher told us after America ____ an independent country, the language ____ to change.
A. became, had slowly begun
B. had become, had slowly begun
C. had become, slowly began
D. became, slowly began
18. “Isn’t my necklace beautiful?” said Nancy. →_____________
A. Nancy asked if her necklace is very beautiful.
B. Nancy asked whether her necklace wasn’t very beautiful.
C. Nancy thought that her necklace was very beautiful.
D. Nancy thought her necklace wasn’t very beautiful.
Key(2)