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Background Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is a common and potentially curable cause of gastric mucosa lesion.This study investigated the relationship of Hp infection with histological changes in gastric mucosa and gastric cancer in Hp-positive patients compared with Hp-eradication patients followed up for ten years.Methods From an initial group of 1 006 adults,552 Hp-positive subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment group (T;n=276) or a placebo group (P; n=276).In the randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled,parallel trial,T group subjects received oral doses of omeprazole,amoxicillin and clarithromycin for 1 week; those in the P group received a placebo.One month after treatment ended,a 13C urea breath test was performed,and Hp was undetectable in 88.89％ of the T group.All subjects were followed at 1,5,8,and 10 years after treatment,with endoscopy and biopsies for histological examination.Results Gastric mucosa inflammation was significantly milder in the T group than that in the P group one year after Hp eradication and this persisted for 10 years.Glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia (IM) had deteriorated in both groups during ten years.However,the increased score of glandular atrophy at both the gastric antrum and corpus,and IM only at the gastric antrum,in the P group was more obvious than that in the T group.During the 10 years,9 patients were diagnosed with gastric cancer (2 in the T group; 7 in the P group; P=0.176).When mucosal atrophy was absent at the gastric antrum and corpus when entering the study,the incidence of gastric cancer in the P group (n=6) was much higher than that in the T group (n=0,P=0.013).Conclusions Hp eradication may significantly diminish and help halt progression of gastric mucosal inflammation and delay the development of IM and atrophy gastritis.Hp eradication is helpful for reducing the risk for gastric cancer,especially in the early stage of Hp infection.