论文部分内容阅读
In the past few years， China imported a lot of coals from Australia， enabling Australians to earn untold money in that business.
However， the latest report from Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment （SSEE） of Cambridge University said that China’s demand for coal might decrease due to the concerns for the climatic change and so on. This might lead to the result that the coal project that Australia spends billions of Australian dollars can be met with nothing.
This report， with the title of Stranded Down Under， used 70 pages to describe the history of the development of Australian coal industry. The coal is an economic pillar for this country. Every year， coal could contribute to 16% of the total exports of Australia.
The report also showed that Australian mining enterprises expect to increase the output of coal per year from 440 million tons to 550 million tons by 2020， most of which will be used for exportation. In the next 15 years， Australians will invest in 89 coal mining projects， involving the investment of 100 billion Australian dollars
As reported， the coal price in the world is weak now and the decreasing demand of China for coal might bring a dim outlook for those investment projects. China is the largest overseas market for Australia. This country， which can consume half of the coal in the world， import 30% of its coal used every year from Australia. The concerns about air quality will reduce the role of coal in China’s resource structure.
As of August 2013， the Chinese government published a document， establishing Beijing， Hebei， Tianjin， Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta as the pilot areas to curb the consumption of coal and to accelerate the spread of clean energy.
Jiang Kejun， director of the Energy Systematic Analysis Center at Energy Institute under the National Development and Reform Commission of China， said that it was a mega trend for Chia to reduce the use of coal. According to the governmental rules， the major cities of China should actively reduce the consumption of coal.
Actually， China has already taken measures to curb the usage of coal to deal with the terrible air quality. It is putting more efforts in the development of solar energy， wind power and nuclear energy. These new kinds of energy are continuously eating away the space of coal in China’s energy structure. In addition， the Chinese government is going to introduce the systematic carbon pricing and trade. It is reported that the reduced demand of China for the coal will have a long and profound influence over the finance of Australia and its states. For example， the largely populated Queensland which boasts a lot of coal mines， the tax of these mineral giants amounted to 3 billion Australian dollars every year.
The threat to one of the biggest industries of Australia is approaching， the report said. In recent months， the mining enterprises have already cut thousands of jobs and many projects have been halted.
It is notable that the displacement of carbon dioxide per capita in Australia is the highest in the world. But Australians seem to turn a deaf ear to this and continue to bring more coals out of the underground.
Australia to benefit from Indonesia’s ban over ore exportation
The Indonesian government issued an act on January 12， considering the exportation of unprocessed ore to be illegal.
This act aimed at forcing domestic enterprises to build processing facilities and other lower-stream infrastructural facilities. The experts forecast that the ban over ore exportation will affect the exports deals of monohydrallite and nickel ores.
Indonesia contributes to a quarter of monohydrallite imported by China every year. Klaus Kleinfeld， CEO of Alcoa， said that the measure might force China to reduce the capacity of refinery and metallurgy.
Australia boasts vast monohydrallite in West Australia， Queensland and Northern Territory. There are big exporters including BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto. Therefore， the ban over ore exportation of Indonesia will bring great benefits to Australia.
2013 was the hottest year for Australia
The past year was the hottest year for Australia in the history. The average temperature of that year was 1.2 degrees higher than the average temperature from 1961 to 1990. All states in Australia went through hotter days than before in 2013. Several areas， including West Australia and South Australia， saw the temperature hit the new high last year.
The lasting heat brought a series of problems for Australia. Last January， the heat wave caused several wildfire to Tasmania and Victoria， while striking a large part of Queensland with serious draught.
In 2013， the average rainfall of Australia was 428 millimeters， 37 mm lower than the average level in the history. Presently， the heat is still haunting Australia as the heat wave is slowly moving eastward.
David Karoly， a meteorologist in University of Melbourne， called the year of 2013 an “unprecedented year”for Australia. He said： “The high temperature cannot be explained through natural changes. If there is no greenhouse gas or global warming， the high temperature might not happen.”
On January 7， 2013， Australia met its hottest day in the history. The highest temperature hit 40.3 degrees averagely in this country. That week and the entire January proved to be the hottest week and month ever for Australia.
The heat was a hot topic for the politicians. Both the Green Party and the Labor Party blamed the new government led by Tony Abbott， claiming that the proposal of removing the carbon tax last year was a serious mistake.
Richard di Natale， the acting leader of Green Party， said that the government’s removing the carbon tax means that the government turned a deaf ear to the easy-to-see proofs.
Penng Wong， acting leader of the opposition party said that only Abbot and his cabinet refused to believe in the climatic change.
But Australia’s foreign affair minister Julie Bishop said these were nonsense. “We are going to take measures to reduce the carbon emission. We are going to reduce the carbon emission by 5% in 2020 compared with 2000. The frame of carbon tax proposed by the opposition party will not only lead to the increase of carbon tax， but also result in more carbon emission.”
However， the latest report from Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment （SSEE） of Cambridge University said that China’s demand for coal might decrease due to the concerns for the climatic change and so on. This might lead to the result that the coal project that Australia spends billions of Australian dollars can be met with nothing.
This report， with the title of Stranded Down Under， used 70 pages to describe the history of the development of Australian coal industry. The coal is an economic pillar for this country. Every year， coal could contribute to 16% of the total exports of Australia.
The report also showed that Australian mining enterprises expect to increase the output of coal per year from 440 million tons to 550 million tons by 2020， most of which will be used for exportation. In the next 15 years， Australians will invest in 89 coal mining projects， involving the investment of 100 billion Australian dollars
As reported， the coal price in the world is weak now and the decreasing demand of China for coal might bring a dim outlook for those investment projects. China is the largest overseas market for Australia. This country， which can consume half of the coal in the world， import 30% of its coal used every year from Australia. The concerns about air quality will reduce the role of coal in China’s resource structure.
As of August 2013， the Chinese government published a document， establishing Beijing， Hebei， Tianjin， Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta as the pilot areas to curb the consumption of coal and to accelerate the spread of clean energy.
Jiang Kejun， director of the Energy Systematic Analysis Center at Energy Institute under the National Development and Reform Commission of China， said that it was a mega trend for Chia to reduce the use of coal. According to the governmental rules， the major cities of China should actively reduce the consumption of coal.
Actually， China has already taken measures to curb the usage of coal to deal with the terrible air quality. It is putting more efforts in the development of solar energy， wind power and nuclear energy. These new kinds of energy are continuously eating away the space of coal in China’s energy structure. In addition， the Chinese government is going to introduce the systematic carbon pricing and trade. It is reported that the reduced demand of China for the coal will have a long and profound influence over the finance of Australia and its states. For example， the largely populated Queensland which boasts a lot of coal mines， the tax of these mineral giants amounted to 3 billion Australian dollars every year.
The threat to one of the biggest industries of Australia is approaching， the report said. In recent months， the mining enterprises have already cut thousands of jobs and many projects have been halted.
It is notable that the displacement of carbon dioxide per capita in Australia is the highest in the world. But Australians seem to turn a deaf ear to this and continue to bring more coals out of the underground.
Australia to benefit from Indonesia’s ban over ore exportation
The Indonesian government issued an act on January 12， considering the exportation of unprocessed ore to be illegal.
This act aimed at forcing domestic enterprises to build processing facilities and other lower-stream infrastructural facilities. The experts forecast that the ban over ore exportation will affect the exports deals of monohydrallite and nickel ores.
Indonesia contributes to a quarter of monohydrallite imported by China every year. Klaus Kleinfeld， CEO of Alcoa， said that the measure might force China to reduce the capacity of refinery and metallurgy.
Australia boasts vast monohydrallite in West Australia， Queensland and Northern Territory. There are big exporters including BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto. Therefore， the ban over ore exportation of Indonesia will bring great benefits to Australia.
2013 was the hottest year for Australia
The past year was the hottest year for Australia in the history. The average temperature of that year was 1.2 degrees higher than the average temperature from 1961 to 1990. All states in Australia went through hotter days than before in 2013. Several areas， including West Australia and South Australia， saw the temperature hit the new high last year.
The lasting heat brought a series of problems for Australia. Last January， the heat wave caused several wildfire to Tasmania and Victoria， while striking a large part of Queensland with serious draught.
In 2013， the average rainfall of Australia was 428 millimeters， 37 mm lower than the average level in the history. Presently， the heat is still haunting Australia as the heat wave is slowly moving eastward.
David Karoly， a meteorologist in University of Melbourne， called the year of 2013 an “unprecedented year”for Australia. He said： “The high temperature cannot be explained through natural changes. If there is no greenhouse gas or global warming， the high temperature might not happen.”
On January 7， 2013， Australia met its hottest day in the history. The highest temperature hit 40.3 degrees averagely in this country. That week and the entire January proved to be the hottest week and month ever for Australia.
The heat was a hot topic for the politicians. Both the Green Party and the Labor Party blamed the new government led by Tony Abbott， claiming that the proposal of removing the carbon tax last year was a serious mistake.
Richard di Natale， the acting leader of Green Party， said that the government’s removing the carbon tax means that the government turned a deaf ear to the easy-to-see proofs.
Penng Wong， acting leader of the opposition party said that only Abbot and his cabinet refused to believe in the climatic change.
But Australia’s foreign affair minister Julie Bishop said these were nonsense. “We are going to take measures to reduce the carbon emission. We are going to reduce the carbon emission by 5% in 2020 compared with 2000. The frame of carbon tax proposed by the opposition party will not only lead to the increase of carbon tax， but also result in more carbon emission.”