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随着中国经济的快速发展,能源需求的增加,作为中国最主要的煤矿开采省份,山西省的煤矿开采量也一直在增加。但长期以来不合理和不科学的煤层开采,导致全省许多地区出现了煤矿采空区和伴生的地表裂隙。同时山西省内许多流域观测资料显示河道径流明显减少,水库存储量下降。认识煤矿开采,这一重要人类活动对水文过程影响,并在此基础上发展考虑煤矿采空区特殊下垫面的水文模型意义重大。收集山西省几个典型小流域的煤炭开采、遥感、水文资料,经过调查和分析发现煤炭采空区引起的裂隙和塌陷在山坡上会增加地表优先流,在河道上会导致明显渗漏现象。基于以上对煤炭开采对水文过程影响的认识,发展了考虑煤矿采空区特殊下垫面的水文模型,并在山西芦庄小流域进行了模型验证与应用研究。此研究方法对认识人类活动可能引起水文过程的变化有一定的借鉴意义,发展的模型也可以推广到具有类似水文过程的地区,对由于不合理的煤炭开采受到影响的流域进行水文分析和预报。
With the rapid economic development in China and the increase in energy demand, as the most important coal mining province in China, the amount of coal mined in Shanxi Province has also been increasing. However, a long time unreasonable and unscientific coal seam mining has led to coal mined-out areas and associated surface cracks in many parts of the province. At the same time, many watershed observation data in Shanxi Province show that the river runoff has obviously decreased, and the reservoir storage volume has decreased. Understanding coal mining, the impact of this important human activity on hydrological processes, and on this basis, it is of great significance to develop a hydrological model that takes into account the special underlying surface of the coal mined area. Coal mining, remote sensing and hydrological data were collected from several typical small watersheds in Shanxi Province. After investigation and analysis, cracks and collapses caused by coal gobs were found to increase surface preferential flow on hillsides and lead to obvious seepage on the river courses. Based on the above understanding of the impact of coal mining on hydrological processes, a hydrological model that takes into account the special underlying surface of the coal mined area has been developed. The model validation and application studies have been carried out in Lozhuang, Shanxi Province. This research method can be used as a reference for recognizing that human activities may cause changes in hydrological processes. Models for development can also be extended to areas with similar hydrological processes to carry out hydrological analysis and prediction of watersheds affected by unreasonable coal mining.