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The number of chemicals that require risk assessment evaluation has been rising worldwide.To protect human health and the environment,a large number of commercially available substances require risk evaluation.Traditionally,the assessment of the health risks of chemical exposure has relied mostly on directly measured adverse outcomes (e.g.,death,reproduction,growth,development dysfunction) by applying in vivo toxicity tests.These traditional approaches for risk assessment of chemical compounds are time-consuming,expensive,low-throughput,and yield little information on mechanistic toxicity (Ankley et al.,2010;Hutchinson et al.,2013;Nie et al.,2014;Zhu et al.,2013;Wang et al.,2015).