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启蒙时期,整个欧洲的价值体系发生了巨大的变化,传统神学开始衰落,自然科学和自然神学开始兴起,社会的核心冲突也逐渐从宗教改革时期的宗教斗争转向议会限制专制君主权力的斗争(以查理二世时期的英国为例)。到了18世纪的苏格兰启蒙运动,由于产业革命的影响,人们转而关注全新生产方式所带来道德问题——个人恶如何导致公共善。弗朗西斯·哈奇森(Francis Hutcheson),作为苏格兰启蒙运动初期代表人物,建立了一套融合了新兴自然神学、自然法学,以及独创性的情感主义道德哲学的理论体系,并以此启发了休谟和洛克等当时的哲学家。
During the Enlightenment, the value system of Europe as a whole has undergone tremendous changes. The traditional theology began to decline. The natural sciences and natural theology began to rise. The core social conflicts also gradually shifted from the religious struggle during the religious reform to the parliamentary struggle to limit the monarchical power Charles II period of Britain as an example). By the 18th century, the Enlightenment in Scotland, the industrial revolution had brought people to turn their attention to the ethical issues posed by the new modes of production - how personal evil led to public good. Francis Hutcheson, as the early representative of the Scottish Enlightenment, established a theoretical system that incorporates the emerging natural theology, natural law, and the original emotional moral philosophy and inspired Hume and Locke and other philosophers at the time.