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1.汉语称谓语。汉语称谓语自古有之,可“称谓”一词,直至秦汉时期尚未见使用。该词始见于《晋书·孝武文李太后传》所载会稽王司马道子的书启:“虽幽显同谋,而称谓未尽,非所以仰述圣心,允答天人。宜崇正名号,详案旧典。” 《现代汉语词典》释“称谓”为:“人们由于亲属和别方面的相互关系,以及由于身分、职业等等而得来的名称,如父亲、师傅、支书等。” 按其内容,称谓又可划分为两大类:亲属称谓和非亲属称谓。如上面定义中所说的“父亲”便是亲属称谓,“师傅”、“支书”便是非亲属称谓。 亲属称谓是从家庭及亲属关系中产生出来的一种称谓形式。国外学者以兄弟姐妹为线索,把世界各地的亲属称谓分为多种类型(如美国默多克《社会结构》一书分为爱斯基摩型、夏威夷型、易洛魁型、苏丹型、奥马哈型、库洛瓦型六种)。我国学者则通常把亲属称谓分为类别型和叙述型两大类。 类别型称谓不标明亲族是父系或母系,不标明亲族是直系还是旁系,不标明亲族的排行顺序,只标明尊卑辈份。叙述型亲属称谓则相反,不仅父系、母系关系明确,而且直系、旁系、尊卑、长幼关系均十分明确。汉语亲属称谓即属叙述型。 非亲属称谓多指人们的社会称谓。人们在社会生产和生活中,在社会交往活动中,按职业、身分等所形成的一系列
1. Chinese address terms. Chinese appellation has since ancient times, can be “appellation” until Qin and Han Dynasties have not seen use. The word began to appear in the Book of Taiji Biography of Jin Shu · filial piety, contained in the Book of Revise Wang Sima Daizi Kai: “Although the faint conspiracy, and the title is not exhaustive, so go to the sacred heart, allow heaven and earth. ”“ Modern Chinese Dictionary ”Interpretation of“ appellation ”as:“ People because of relatives and other aspects of the relationship between, and because of identity, occupation and other derived from the name, such as father, teacher, secretary, etc. ”According to its content, titles can be divided into two categories: relatives and non-relatives. As the above definition of “father” is the kinship terms, “master”, “secretary” is non-relative title. Kinship terms are forms of appellation derived from family and kinship relationships. Foreign scholars take siblings as clues and divide the appellations of relatives around the world into many types (for example, Murdoch’s “Social Structure” in the United States is divided into Eskimos, Hawaii, Iroquois, Sudan, Omaha , Kurowa six). Chinese scholars usually divide their appellations into two categories: categorical type and narrative type. Category title does not indicate the kinship is the patrilineal or matrilineal, does not indicate the kinship is direct or parallels, does not indicate the order of kinship, only to identify the elders. The narrative kinship is the opposite, not only paternal, maternal relations clear, and direct, patriarchal, high respect, the relationship between young and old are very clear. Chinese kinship terms that is narrative. Non-kinship terms refer more to people’s social titles. People in social production and life, social interaction, according to occupation, identity, etc. formed by a series of