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近30年来,在所有的工业化国家,泌尿道肿瘤的发病率有明显的增加。在西德,膀胱癌分别占男女性所有恶性肿瘤的5%和2%。膀胱癌患者开始时无痛苦或很少有感觉。其症状是出现血尿。所以80%以上的膀胱癌患者的始发症状就是血尿,只有15%的患者尿频。几乎50%的血尿患者,其从出现血尿直到诊断为膀胱癌一般需要6个月以上的时间。为此有规律地进行尿细胞学检查是早期发现泌尿道肿瘤的一种可靠方法。因此,诊断的目的不仅仅是为了证实所怀疑的肿瘤,而且也是为了掌握肿瘤的大小、部位、浸润以及恶变的程度。对于一些特殊的患者尚需进行一些额外的检查,如膀胱造影术、
In the past 30 years, the incidence of urinary tract tumors has significantly increased in all industrialized countries. In West Germany, bladder cancer accounts for 5% and 2% of all malignant tumors in men and women. Patients with bladder cancer have no pain or little feeling at first. The symptom is hematuria. Therefore, more than 80% of the initial symptoms of bladder cancer patients is hematuria, urinary frequency in only 15% of patients. Almost 50% of patients with hematuria generally require more than 6 months from the onset of hematuria until bladder cancer is diagnosed. For this reason regular urinalysis is early detection of urinary tract cancer a reliable method. Therefore, the purpose of diagnosis is not only to confirm the suspected tumor, but also to grasp the tumor size, location, invasion and malignant degree. For some special patients still need to carry out some additional checks, such as cystography,