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本文以“粮食”为核心,在农村公共食堂的具体历史中探讨公共食堂制度与1959—1961年“大饥荒”的关系。通过对历史档案的梳理,笔者发现“大跃进”时期农村公共食堂的发展历史与粮食流转体系紧密相连。历次口粮标准的下调都是因为粮食大购、外调后地区粮食库存不足而被迫采取的措施。在某种程度上,农村公共食堂初期的无定量、无制度诱发了饥荒,但从粮食的总体消费特征来看,并没有呈现“过度消费”。饥荒的延续是粮食高征购的产物,饥荒的结束源于粮食征购大量减少与自留地划分带来的农民余粮的增加,与农村公共食堂并没有本质关联。
This paper takes “food ” as the core and discusses the relationship between the public canteen system and 1959-1961 “famine ” in the specific history of rural public canteens. Through the analysis of historical archives, the author finds that the history of the development of rural public canteens in the period of “Great Leap Forward” is closely linked with the system of grain circulation. The previous reduction in the rations standard was all the measures that were forced to be taken because of the big purchases of grain and the lack of food stocks in the regions after the transfer. To some extent, the initial quantitative and institutional failure in rural public canteens induced famine, but “overconsumption” did not appear in terms of the overall consumption characteristics of food. The continuation of famine is the product of the high food purchase. The end of the famine resulted from the substantial reduction of grain purchase and the increase of the surplus grain of peasants brought by the separation of plots. There is no essential connection with the rural public canteen.