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A facile synthesis of α-zirconium phosphate(ZP) nanoparticles as an effective, eco-friendly, and recyclable solid acid catalyst is reported. Polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) were used as organic matrix as dispersing agents and served as a template for the nanoparticles. Hydrogen bonds between ZP and PVA or PVP, along the polymer chains, appear to play an important role for improving the dispersion of in situ formed ZP. Following calcination of PVA/ZP or PVP/ZP, pure hexagonal ZP nanoparticles were obtained. The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen sorption, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Pyridine-FTIR and temperature-programmed desorption of NH3 suggest the presence of Brnsted acid sites. The acidic properties of the catalyst were studied in Friedel-Crafts alkylation of phenol by tert-butanol, producing 2-tert-butylphenol, 4-tert-butylphenol, and 2,4-ditert-butylphenol. The alkylation reaction was performed in the presence of catalysts P2O5/Al2O3, P2O5/SiO2, α-ZrP(prepared in the absence of the polymers), and various ionic liquids. The use of the hexagonal ZP nanoparticle catalyst afforded an excellent phenol conversion(86%) and selectivity towards 4-tert-butylphenol(83%) under optimized reaction conditions. The catalyst was easily recovered from the reaction mixture, regenerated, and reused at least four times without significant loss in the catalytic activity.
A facile synthesis of α-zirconium phosphate (ZP) nanoparticles as an effective, eco-friendly, and recyclable solid acid catalyst is reported. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were used as organic matrix as dispersing agents and served as a template for the nanoparticles. Hydrogen bonds between ZP and PVA or PVP, along the polymer chains, appear to play an important role for improving dispersion of in situ formed ZP. Following calcination of PVA / ZP or PVP / ZP, pure hexagonal ZP nanoparticles were obtained. The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen sorption, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Pyridine- FTIR and temperature- programmed desorption of NH3 suggest the presence of Brnsted acid sites. The acidic properties of the catalyst were studied in Friedel-Crafts alkylation of phenol by tert-butano The alkylation reaction was performed in the presence of catalysts P2O5 / Al2O3, P2O5 / SiO2, α-ZrP (prepared in the absence of) The use of the hexagonal ZP nanoparticle catalyst afforded an excellent phenol conversion (86%) and selectivity towards 4-tert-butylphenol (83%) under optimized reaction conditions. The catalyst was easily recovered from the reaction mixture, regenerated, and reused at least four times without significant loss in the catalytic activity.