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进化心理学号称是一门关于人性的科学,却无法解释人类为何由于具备了理性能力而有别于其他动物。尽管托马塞洛和帕品纽这样的进化自然主义者试图通过刻画理性的起源及其认知架构来回答这个问题,但是这种“人类学差异”进路不仅自身难以成立,更严重的是它面临着波义尔关于理性的“范畴差异”解释的竞争。根据亚里士多德对“本质”和“形式”的阐述,理性不是指人类拥有某些动物所缺乏的认知机制,而是指改变我们一切既有的基本心理能力从而决定“人之为人”的方式,这种人类心灵的理性能力在康德关于“我思”的理论中有过很好的阐释。本文论证指出,理性的“范畴差异”在诸多方面优于“人类学差异”进路。
Evolutionary psychology is claimed to be a science about human nature, but it can not explain why human beings are different from other animals because of their rational ability. Although evolutionary naturalists such as Tomarcello and Patpiniu tried to answer this question by portraying the origin of reason and its cognitive structure, this “anthropological difference” approach is not only difficult to establish on its own, but more serious Is that it faces Boyle’s competition for a rational “category discrepancy” interpretation. According to Aristotle’s explanation of “essence ” and “form ”, rationality does not mean that human beings have the cognitive mechanism lacking in some animals, but refers to changing all of our basic psychological ability to decide “Man is man ” way, this kind of human mind rational ability has explained very well in Kant’s theory about “I think ”. This article argues that rational “category differences” are superior to “anthropological differences” in many ways.