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腰椎后路手术患者往往面临着重度疼痛威胁，口服或注射镇痛药难以达到满意效果，或者面临严重的并发症。区域麻醉的镇痛效果确切，不良反应较小，性价比高。文章对椎管内麻醉、椎旁神经阻滞，同时也对近几年屡见报道的椎板后阻滞、多裂肌平面阻滞、胸腰筋膜间平面（thoracolumbar interfascial plane, TLIP）阻滞和竖脊肌平面阻滞（erector spinae plane block, ESPB）在腰椎后路手术中的应用等区域麻醉技术的解剖基础、操作要点、临床应用进行系统综述，对它们的操作性、安全性、镇痛效果及发展前景进行比较。“,”Patients with posterior lumbar surgery often face a threat of increased pain, and oral or injection analgesics are challenging to achieve satisfactory results or face serious complications. The analgesic effect of regional anesthesia is exact, the adverse reactions are small, and the cost performance is high. Besidesintraspinal anesthesia, paravertebral nerve block, this review summarizes the use of retrolaminar block, multifidus plane block, thoracolumbar interfascial plane (TLIP), and erector spinal plane block (ESPB) in posterior lumbar surgery that have been frequently reported. This review systematically describes the anatomical basis, operational points, and clinical applications of these technologies. It also provides a comprehensive comparison of their operability, safety, analgesic effect, and development prospects of these technologies.