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【Abstract】By analyzing Chinese and English borrowings， this paper first points out that the extent of infiltration of both languages in terms of linguistics and culture. English borrowings have great effect on Chinese culturally， linguistically and semantically. Many English words reflect in the latest technological and cultural development in the world is borrowed by Chinese vocabulary. Tracing these words back in the Etymology way， we can find the influence brought by the English language culture to Chinese language culture. From another aspect， through analyzing words borrowed from Chinese in form in recent years， which are listed as new words in English dictionaries， and through exploring the Chinese tradition and culture these borrowings mainly based on， this paper reflects that Chinese culture has affected English culture to a certain degree.
【Key words】etymology； borrowed words； culture； infiltration
【摘要】通過分析英汉互借词，本文首先指出了两种语言在语言学和文化上的扩张和渗透。在语言学和语义学层面上，英语借词都对中国文化产生着深远的影响。许多反映着世界上最先进技术和文化发展的英语词汇借入到汉语当中。对这些借词进行英语语源学上的追溯和分析，可以看出英语语言文化对汉语语言文化的影响。另一方面，通过分析英语词典中新增的来源于汉语的借词，探索这些借词背后所蕴含的中国传统文化，反映出中国文化对西方文化也有着一定程度的影响。
【关键词】语源学 借词 文化 渗透
I. Brief Introductions of Etymology
The etymology of a word refers to its origin and historical development：that is， its earliest known use， its transmission from one language to another， and its changes in form and meaning. Etymology is not definition；it is explanation of what our words meant 600 or 2， 000 years ago. Think of it like looking at pictures of your friends’ parents when they were your age. People will continue to use words as they will， finding new or wider meanings for old words and coining new ones to fit new situations. In fact， this list is a testimony to that process. Etymology is also the term for the branch of linguistics that studies word histories.
II. The Way Words Borrowed turn one into the other
A. Words Borrowed from Chinese into English
Differs from the situation mentioned above， the appearance of words borrowed from Chinese is mainly caused by the development and expanding of Chinese traditional culture. “Chinese Borrowing in English”， written by Garland Cannon in 1988， had explained the situation about how and which kind of Chinese words were borrowed into English in the early times. With the communication of these two kinds of languages and cultures becomes more frequent， more and more Chinese are borrowed into English. Such as for those Chinese young students who study English， learning load words and their origin can not only help having a better understanding， but also achieve more about many language phenomenon. B. Words Borrowed from English into Chinese
As if other borrowed words in Chinese， borrowed words from English stand for the cultural communication between two countries. The opening-up policy makes our country get closer to international environment. In this way， it brings a lot of new ideas， new technologies， and all these things need some new words to express them. Therefore， there are two methods to create new words：the first way is creating a new one；the second way is borrowing word from other country’s languages.
C. The Implication of the Borrowed Words Phenomenon
a. The Homoplasy of Both Cultures
The meaning of language means the information on different aspects of objects， the essential attribute of the object and the reflection of movement， and it continues its development in people’s social interaction and social practice. From the perspective of philosophy of language， the semantic system of vocabulary is an open system that can transform energy and exchange information with other systems as a language environment， allowing the system to update its own development.
Convergence of cross-cultural communication is the integration of language， culture， communication ability affecting human culture， reflected through the mutual language borrowing. The impact of language and culture is reflected in the vocabulary.
For example， generation gap does not exist in Chinese at first. After World War II， the western world’s politics， economy and technology have undergone dramatic changes， causing a strong collision between the new generation of youth and the older generation on the values and life styles， thus leads to the appearance of a new word generation gap. On account of the situation that two generations can hardly ensure smooth communication and understanding， this problem also exists in China， the word “generation gap” was quickly absorbed and used in Chinese. Similarly， some Chinese words are also accepted for use in English. For example， one country with two systems， paper tiger and so on.
b. Cultural Globalization
The development of world economic integration promotes globalization of culture. “Cultural globalization” refers to the various components of the culture spread all over the world. It includes international exchange of ideas on people， technology， finance and information. This exchange requires a common language， and English is chosen as their preferred language （Tian Hui 106）. With more and more extensive coverage， wider and wider use of the area， international exchange occurred between the non-native speakers becomes more and more frequent；English becomes a truly global language. This trend of “English globalization” gives the English language and the culture it represents a strong position in today’s world；it also brings a dominant position in contacts with other cultures. At the same time， although China has a long history and splendid culture， however， compared to English culture， Chinese language and culture are in a weak position. We lived in an era of two-way open， a world with more and more of dialogue， so English words come in a large number. III. The Interaction Effects of Borrowed Words
Language is a useful tool people use for social communication， mental communication and information exchange. It is also have some relations with culture. To some extent， language reflects the culture， culture decides the language. The vocabulary can reflection of culture， the mutual load words phenomenon we can obviously know the interaction between Chinese culture and the western culture.
All in all， a country’s language and culture have a big impact to the language and culture of the disadvantaged， and then infiltrated into their language system. As the world’s strongest language， English absorbed lots of foreign words in the development. Although the Chinese languages and the English languages belong to different language systems—English culture stand for western civilization must be bring conflict with Chinese culture stand for eastern civilization.
IV. Conclusions
Borrowings are regarded as the “envoy of different cultures”， playing the role as a link and a bridge in intercultural communication. Its influence develops from cultural infiltration to minimize the conflicts caused by cultural differences. From the foreign words in a language we can get the situation of a country’s historical relationship and cultural communication with other countries. Therefore， the amount of load words is a mark of a country openness itself. As we all know， culture and language are interactive to each other， borrowed words in English languages and Chinese languages not only add their own language， but also increase their own culture. From the form and content of load words， it is not difficult to find different languages constantly infiltrate into each other in the interaction and the process of mutual penetration. By learning the etymology of the borrowed word， we can trace back to the origin language， and through the comparison of English language and Chinese language the cultural effect can be known clearly. This will greatly help the English learners remember words and understanding of cultural infiltration.
參考文献：
[1]Garland Cannon.Chinese Borrowing in English.American Speech，1988.
[2]Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary.
[3]陈原.社会语言学[M].北京：学林出版社，1983.
[4]戴卫平，裴文斌.英汉文化词语研究[M].北京：科学出版社， 2008.
[5]汪榕培.英语词汇学高级教程[M].上海：上海外语教学出版社，2002.
[6]甘成英.英汉词汇互借对语言文化的影响[J].绵阳师范学院学报，2006.6.
作者简介：罗艺婷（1986-），女，天津人，讲师，天津现代职业技术学院管理工程学院公共英语教研室，研究方向为英语教学、职业技术教育学。
【Key words】etymology； borrowed words； culture； infiltration
【摘要】通過分析英汉互借词，本文首先指出了两种语言在语言学和文化上的扩张和渗透。在语言学和语义学层面上，英语借词都对中国文化产生着深远的影响。许多反映着世界上最先进技术和文化发展的英语词汇借入到汉语当中。对这些借词进行英语语源学上的追溯和分析，可以看出英语语言文化对汉语语言文化的影响。另一方面，通过分析英语词典中新增的来源于汉语的借词，探索这些借词背后所蕴含的中国传统文化，反映出中国文化对西方文化也有着一定程度的影响。
【关键词】语源学 借词 文化 渗透
I. Brief Introductions of Etymology
The etymology of a word refers to its origin and historical development：that is， its earliest known use， its transmission from one language to another， and its changes in form and meaning. Etymology is not definition；it is explanation of what our words meant 600 or 2， 000 years ago. Think of it like looking at pictures of your friends’ parents when they were your age. People will continue to use words as they will， finding new or wider meanings for old words and coining new ones to fit new situations. In fact， this list is a testimony to that process. Etymology is also the term for the branch of linguistics that studies word histories.
II. The Way Words Borrowed turn one into the other
A. Words Borrowed from Chinese into English
Differs from the situation mentioned above， the appearance of words borrowed from Chinese is mainly caused by the development and expanding of Chinese traditional culture. “Chinese Borrowing in English”， written by Garland Cannon in 1988， had explained the situation about how and which kind of Chinese words were borrowed into English in the early times. With the communication of these two kinds of languages and cultures becomes more frequent， more and more Chinese are borrowed into English. Such as for those Chinese young students who study English， learning load words and their origin can not only help having a better understanding， but also achieve more about many language phenomenon. B. Words Borrowed from English into Chinese
As if other borrowed words in Chinese， borrowed words from English stand for the cultural communication between two countries. The opening-up policy makes our country get closer to international environment. In this way， it brings a lot of new ideas， new technologies， and all these things need some new words to express them. Therefore， there are two methods to create new words：the first way is creating a new one；the second way is borrowing word from other country’s languages.
C. The Implication of the Borrowed Words Phenomenon
a. The Homoplasy of Both Cultures
The meaning of language means the information on different aspects of objects， the essential attribute of the object and the reflection of movement， and it continues its development in people’s social interaction and social practice. From the perspective of philosophy of language， the semantic system of vocabulary is an open system that can transform energy and exchange information with other systems as a language environment， allowing the system to update its own development.
Convergence of cross-cultural communication is the integration of language， culture， communication ability affecting human culture， reflected through the mutual language borrowing. The impact of language and culture is reflected in the vocabulary.
For example， generation gap does not exist in Chinese at first. After World War II， the western world’s politics， economy and technology have undergone dramatic changes， causing a strong collision between the new generation of youth and the older generation on the values and life styles， thus leads to the appearance of a new word generation gap. On account of the situation that two generations can hardly ensure smooth communication and understanding， this problem also exists in China， the word “generation gap” was quickly absorbed and used in Chinese. Similarly， some Chinese words are also accepted for use in English. For example， one country with two systems， paper tiger and so on.
b. Cultural Globalization
The development of world economic integration promotes globalization of culture. “Cultural globalization” refers to the various components of the culture spread all over the world. It includes international exchange of ideas on people， technology， finance and information. This exchange requires a common language， and English is chosen as their preferred language （Tian Hui 106）. With more and more extensive coverage， wider and wider use of the area， international exchange occurred between the non-native speakers becomes more and more frequent；English becomes a truly global language. This trend of “English globalization” gives the English language and the culture it represents a strong position in today’s world；it also brings a dominant position in contacts with other cultures. At the same time， although China has a long history and splendid culture， however， compared to English culture， Chinese language and culture are in a weak position. We lived in an era of two-way open， a world with more and more of dialogue， so English words come in a large number. III. The Interaction Effects of Borrowed Words
Language is a useful tool people use for social communication， mental communication and information exchange. It is also have some relations with culture. To some extent， language reflects the culture， culture decides the language. The vocabulary can reflection of culture， the mutual load words phenomenon we can obviously know the interaction between Chinese culture and the western culture.
All in all， a country’s language and culture have a big impact to the language and culture of the disadvantaged， and then infiltrated into their language system. As the world’s strongest language， English absorbed lots of foreign words in the development. Although the Chinese languages and the English languages belong to different language systems—English culture stand for western civilization must be bring conflict with Chinese culture stand for eastern civilization.
IV. Conclusions
Borrowings are regarded as the “envoy of different cultures”， playing the role as a link and a bridge in intercultural communication. Its influence develops from cultural infiltration to minimize the conflicts caused by cultural differences. From the foreign words in a language we can get the situation of a country’s historical relationship and cultural communication with other countries. Therefore， the amount of load words is a mark of a country openness itself. As we all know， culture and language are interactive to each other， borrowed words in English languages and Chinese languages not only add their own language， but also increase their own culture. From the form and content of load words， it is not difficult to find different languages constantly infiltrate into each other in the interaction and the process of mutual penetration. By learning the etymology of the borrowed word， we can trace back to the origin language， and through the comparison of English language and Chinese language the cultural effect can be known clearly. This will greatly help the English learners remember words and understanding of cultural infiltration.
參考文献：
[1]Garland Cannon.Chinese Borrowing in English.American Speech，1988.
[2]Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary.
[3]陈原.社会语言学[M].北京：学林出版社，1983.
[4]戴卫平，裴文斌.英汉文化词语研究[M].北京：科学出版社， 2008.
[5]汪榕培.英语词汇学高级教程[M].上海：上海外语教学出版社，2002.
[6]甘成英.英汉词汇互借对语言文化的影响[J].绵阳师范学院学报，2006.6.
作者简介：罗艺婷（1986-），女，天津人，讲师，天津现代职业技术学院管理工程学院公共英语教研室，研究方向为英语教学、职业技术教育学。