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恩格斯晚年的社会主义理论为东方社会主义的探索作出了巨大贡献,中国特色的社会主义理论是对恩格斯晚年社会主义理论的发展和伟大贡献,二者不可分割。恩格斯晚年的社会主义理论坚持东方落后国家具有跨越资本主义制度“卡夫丁峡谷”的可能性,否定农村公社具有生长出社会主义的能力,否认俄国可以通过现代大工业与村社制度的嫁接而直接进入社会主义。但东方落后国家要实现“跨越”,就必须使自身有一定的资本主义发展,能吸取资本主义的全部成果,并以东西方“互补”为前提。至于东方经济文化落后的国家在走上社会主义道路之后,如何建设社会主义的问题,由于历史局限,没能作出详细的阐明。中国共产党的第二代领导人在新的历史条件下,总结借鉴国内外社会主义兴衰的历史经验,提出中国特色社会主义理论,对于“如何建设”的问题,作出了系统的理论回答,使恩格斯晚年的社会主义在中国具有了当代的形式。
Engels’s theory of socialism in his later years made great contributions to the exploration of oriental socialism. The theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics is an integral part of the development and great contribution to Engels’s theory of socialism in his later years. In his later years, Engels’s theory of socialism insisted that backward countries in the East had the possibility to cross the “Cafudin Canyon” of the capitalist system and denied that rural communes had the ability to grow socialism. He denied that Russia could pass the grafting of the modern large-scale industry and the village community Directly into socialism. However, if backward countries in the east want to achieve “leapfrogging,” they must make their own certain capitalist development, absorb all the fruits of capitalism, and make the premise of “complementarity” between the east and the west. As for the countries with backward economic and cultural backgrounds, after embarking on the socialist road, how to build socialism has not been elaborated due to historical limitations. Under the new historical conditions, the second generation of Chinese Communist Party leaders have drawn lessons from the historical experience of the rise and fall of socialism both at home and abroad, put forward the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics and systematically answered the question of “how to build” so that Engels Later years of socialism have a contemporary form in China.