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儿童ＨＩＶ感染潜伏期短，一年内死亡率２１．９％。临床表现以生长发育落后（７３．３％），反复呼吸道感染（６９．５％），口腔霉菌感染（５６．２％），复发性腹泻（５２．３％），长期反复发热（４７．６％），肝脾肿大（３４％），神经系统受累症状（３０．５％），全身浅表淋巴结肿大（２２．９％），皮疹（１１．４％）为其主要特征。死亡原因主要为肺部卡氏囊虫感染及严重细菌感染。感染途径以母婴垂直传播为主，传播率为２０～６０％。ＨＩＶ感染或ＡＩＤＳ诊断主要依靠实验室检查，血清学酶联免疫吸附法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）是最常用的检查抗ＨＩＶ抗体筛选法，而对于年龄小于１５个月的婴儿，需进一步行聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）或病毒培养方可确诊。儿童艾滋病治疗上无特异方法，目前最常用药物为逆转录酶抑制剂。复方磺胺嘧啶对治疗或预防卡氏肺囊虫感染有一定疗效。ＨＩＶ感染者接种减毒活疫苗应慎重。
HIV infection in children with short incubation period, the mortality rate of 21.9% within one year. The clinical manifestations were poor growth and development (73.3%), recurrent respiratory tract infection (69.5%), oral mold infection (56.2%), recurrent diarrhea (52.3%), long term fever %), Hepatosplenomegaly (34%), nervous system involvement symptoms (30.5%), generalized superficial lymph nodes (22.9%) and rash (11.4%) were the main features. The main causes of death were lung Cushing’s infection and severe bacterial infections. The main route of infection to the vertical transmission of mother to child, the transmission rate of 20 to 60%. HIV infection or AIDS diagnosis mainly rely on laboratory tests, serological enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most commonly used screening anti-HIV antibody screening method, and for infants younger than 15 months, further line of the polymerase chain reaction PCR) or virus culture before diagnosis. No special treatment for AIDS in children, the most commonly used drugs for reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Compound sulfadiazine for the treatment or prevention of pneumocystis carinii infection has a certain effect. HIV-infected live attenuated vaccines should be careful.