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被誉为“政治经济学之父”和“财政学之父”的英国古典经济学派代表人物亚当·斯密(Adam Smith 1723—1790)认为,国有企业的利润收入在历史上曾经是奴隶制国家的重要财政收入,但在现代国家中,一般的工商业均应让私人按照自由竞争的原则去经营,经营国有工商业的君主代理人,“往往认为主人有无尽的财富,货物以何种人格买来,以何种价格售出,由一地运往他地花多少费用,他们都草率从事,不去精打细算。他们往往与君主过着一样浪费生活,并且有时就是浪费了,仍能以适当方法捏造帐目,而积聚有君主那样大的财产。”亚当 斯密反对用经济国有化的方法取得财政收入的观点,是与他的经济自由主义思想一脉相承的。在他看来,政府只需履行诸如国防、治安、公共设施建设等职能,市场经济制度将使人们在“看不见的手”的指引下积极追逐个人利益,最终达到富国裕民的目标。尽管他反对经济国有化的观点是为资本主义制度作辩护,但是我们不能否定他对经济国有化弊端的科学分析。 我国目前有30多万户国有企业,但总体经营状况不容乐观,约三分之二的企业处于明亏或潜亏状态。究其原因是因为这些企业不是按照市场机制配置资源的结果。现代经济学原理告诉人们,依靠市场机制比依靠政府机制更能提高资源配置的效率,因而,一般
Adam Smith (1723-1790), the representative of the classical economics school in the United Kingdom hailed as “the father of political economy” and “the father of fiscal studies,” considered that the profit income of state-owned enterprises was historically a slavery country However, in modern countries, the general industry and commerce should allow private persons to operate according to the principle of free competition. The monarchial agents operating state-owned industry and commerce “often think that the owner has endless wealth and what kind of personality the goods are bought , At what price, and how much it costs to be transported from one place to another, all of whom are sloppy, not deliberate: they often waste the same amount of life as the monarchs, and sometimes are wasted, and still can make up While possessing the monarch’s greatness of property. ”Adam Smith’s objection to the idea of financially nationalizing the economy was in line with his economic liberalism. In his view, the government only needs to perform such functions as national defense, public order and public facilities construction. The market economy system will enable people to actively pursue their personal interests under the guidance of “invisible hand” and ultimately achieve the goal of making rich people and rich people happy. Although his opposition to the nationalization of the economy is a defense of the capitalist system, we can not deny his scientific analysis of the drawbacks of the nationalization of the economy. At present, there are more than 300,000 state-owned enterprises in our country, but the overall operating conditions are not optimistic. About two-thirds of the enterprises are in a clear deficit or a potential loss. The reason is because these enterprises are not the result of allocating resources according to the market mechanism. The principle of modern economics tells people that relying on market mechanisms can improve the efficiency of resource allocation more than relying on government mechanisms. Therefore,