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AIM:This study investigated the effects of intense trainingon lipid metabolism,bone metabolism and bone mineraldensity (BMD) in female athletes.METHODS:Sixty-six female subjects participated in this study,age ranging from 18 to 55 years.The sample group includedthirty-six athletic subjects and the control group comprisedthirty non-athletic individuals.Five athletes competed withnational level (5/36) and nine non-athletic subjects (9/30) werepostmenopausal women.The assessment items included bodycomposition,radius BMD,calcaneus BMD,lung function,muscular endurance,renal and liver function,bone markerassay and hormone status.All data were analysed,using SPSS10.0 software,and were presented as mean rank statisticaldifference,using the Kurskal-Wallis (K-W) test.After that thenon-parameter statistics were used.Either Kvalue or Pvaluebelow 0.05 was considered significant.RESULTS:Urine deoxypyridinoline/creatinine (Dpd/Cre) levelsincreased significantly (5.93±2.31 vs 6.85±1.43,K<0.01),sit-reach (29.30±9.48 cm vs 41.31±9.43 cm,K<0.001,P<0.001),1 minute sit-ups with bended knees (1 min sit-ups) (17.60±9.34 count vs 30.00±10.38 count,K<0.001,P<0.001),and vertical jump (25.27±6.63cm vs34±69±7.99cm,K<0.001,P<0.001) improved significantly in the athletesgroup.The athletes group also had a significantly increasedlevel of estriol (E_3) (0.14±0.13 pg/mL vs0.07±0.04 pg/mL,K<0.01,P<0.01),radius BMD (1.37±0.49 gm/cm~2 vs 1.19±0.40gm/cm~2,K<0.05) and calcaneus BMD (0.57±0.17 gm/cm~2vs-0.20±0.17 gm/cm~2,K<0.01,P<0.05) compared withthose of the controls.The high density lipoprotein (HDL)(65.00±14.02 mg/dL vs52.26±4.84 mg/dL,K<0.05,P<0.05)was significantly lower in postmenopausal inactive athletes(5/36) than premenopausal active athletes (31/36).On theother hand,low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (98.35±23.84 mg/dLvs 131.00±21.63 mg/dL,K<0.05,P<0.01),cholesterol (CHO)(164.03±27.01 mg/dL vs 193.00±23.48 mg/dL,K<0.05,P<0.05),triglyceride (TG) (63.00±26.39 mg/dL vs 147.00±87.21 mg/dL,K<0.01),body fat % (BF%) (28.16±4.90% vs34.84±4.44%,K<0.05,P<0.001) and body mass index (BMI)(21.98±2.98 kg/m~2 vs26.42±5.01 kg/m~2,K<0.05,P<0.001)were significantly higher in postmenopausal inactive athletes(5/36) than premenopausal active athletes (31/36).TG(90.22±39.82 mg/dL vs 147.00±87.21 mg/dL),CHO (186.44±24.90 mg/dL vs 193.00±23.48 mg/dL) were higher,but the HDL was significantly lower (62.18±10.68 mg/dLvs 52.26±4.84 mg/dL,P<0.05)in postmenopausal athletes(5/36) group than in postmenopausal control group (9/30).CONCLUSION:Postmenopausal athletes (5/36) who nolonger took competing exercises had reduced levels ofphysical activity,faced increased risk of cardiovasculardisease compared to active athletes (31/36) and thepostmenopausal controls (9/30).We may thus concludedthat long term exercise effectively improves musculoskeletalfitness and prevents BMD loss in female athletes.
AIM: This study investigated the effects of intense training on lipid metabolism, bone metabolism and bone mineral density (BMD) in female athletes. METHODS: Sixty-six female subjects participated in this study, age ranging from 18 to 55 years. The sample group included thirty- six athletic subjects and the control group comprised thirty non-athletic individuals. FIVE athletes competed with national level (5/36) and nine non-athletic subjects (9/30) werepostopausal women. assessment group included bodycomposition, radius BMD, calcaneus BMD, lung function, muscular endurance, renal and liver function, bone markerassay and hormone status. All data were analyzed, using SPSS10.0 software, and were presented as mean rank statistical difference, using the Kurskal-Wallis (KW) test. After that then-parameter Statistics were used. Either Kvalue or Pvaluebelow 0.05 was considered significant .RESULTS: Urine deoxypyridinoline / creatinine (Dpd / Cre) levels significantly increased (5.93 ± 2.31 vs 6.85 ± 1.43, K <0.01) each (29.30 ± 9.48 cm vs 41.31 ± 9.43 cm, K <0.001, P <0.001), 1 minute sit-ups with bended knees (1 min sit- ups) (17.60 ± 9.34 count vs 30.00 ± 10.38 count, K <0.001 , P <0.001), and vertical jump (25.27 ± 6.63 cm vs 34 ± 69 ± 7.99 cm, K <0.001, P <0.001) significantly increased in the athletes group. The athletes group also had a significant increase in estriol (E_3) ± 0.13 pg / mL vs 0.07 ± 0.04 pg / mL, K <0.01, P <0.01), radius BMD (1.37 ± 0.49 gm / cm2 vs 1.19 ± 0.40 gm / cm2, K0.05) and calcaneus BMD was significantly higher than that of controls (0.57 ± 0.17 gm / cm2 vs 0.20 ± 0.17 gm / cm2, K <0.01, P <0.05) Was significantly lower in postmenopausal inactive athletes (5/36) than premenopausal active athletes (31/36). On theother hand, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (98.35 (CHO) (164.03 ± 27.01 mg / dL vs 193.00 ± 23.48 mg / dL, K <0.05, P <0.05), triglyceride (TG) (63.00 ± 26.39 mg / dL vs 147.00 ± 8 7.21 mg / dL, K <0.01), bodbody mass index (BMI) (21.98 ± 2.98 kg / m 2 vs 26.42 ± 5.01 kg / m 2 vs 28.4 ± 4.90% vs 34.84 ± 4.44%, K <0.05, P <0.001) m 2, K 0.05, P 0.001) were significantly higher in postmenopausal inactive athletes (5/36) than premenopausal active athletes (31/36). TG (90.22 ± 39.82 mg / dL vs 147.00 ± 87.21 mg / dL) (62.18 ± 10.68 mg / dL vs 52.26 ± 4.84 mg / dL, P <0.05) in postmenopausal athletes (5 / 36) group than in postmenopausal control group (9/30). CONCLUSION: Postmenopausal athletes (5/36) who nolonger took competing exercises had reduced levels of physical activity, faced increased risk of cardiovascular disease compared to active athletes (31/36) and the postmenopausal controls (9/30). We may thus concluded that long term exercise significantly improves musculoskeletal fitness and prevents BMD loss in female athletes.