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The structural,thermal expansion,and magnetic properties of the Nd2Fe16.5 Cr0.5 compound are investigated by means of x-ray diffraction and magnetization measurements.The Nd2Fe16.5 Cr0.5 compound has a rhombohedral Th2Zn17-type structure.There exists a small negative thermal expansion resulting from a spontaneous magnetostriction in the magnetic state of the Nd2Fe16.5Cr0.5 compound.The average thermal expansion coefficient is -1.06 × 10-6/K in a temperature range 299-394 K.The spontaneous magnetostrictive deformation and the Curie temperature are discussed.