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景观作为一个整体代表了地球表面的一部分,包括导致其典型形态的所有影响因子和相互关联性。换句话说,景观可以被视为一个生态系统。自然景观被人类干预(通常是农民和农业)到一定程度,即成为文化景观,生态系统演变为农业生态系统,人在这个生态系统中是主要的生态因子。我们今天所看到的文化景观,尤其在中国,是9 000年甚至更长的历史长河中,在自然和人类相互的影响之下逐步地改变、影响或适应特定的生态因子后形成的。由此产生的文化景观反映出人与自然在悠久历史中的相互关系。由于农业必须有定居点的存在,因此典型的文化景观包括土地利用系统以及村庄和建筑。更重要的是,一种长期稳定的文化景观是可持续土地利用的结果,代表了一种内在的审美价值。经由人类活动导致的自然景观向文化景观的转变不应被看作是对自然或自然景观的破坏,而应被理解为对景观的(重新)塑造。取决于是否适合农业发展,文化景观在21世纪面临的发展趋势包括集约化或彻底遗弃。风景园林的任务即在这两种极端情形之间找到平衡点,提出发展理念,同时考虑文化景观的历史的和美学的价值。
The landscape as a whole represents part of the surface of the earth, including all the influencing factors and inter-relationships that lead to its typical form. In other words, the landscape can be viewed as an ecosystem. Natural landscapes are interfered with by human beings (usually farmers and agriculture) to a certain extent, that is, they become cultural landscapes. Ecosystems evolve into agro-ecosystems in which humans are the major ecological factors. The cultural landscape we see today, especially in China, is formed after a period of 9,000 years or more of the long history, under the influence of nature and human beings, gradually changing or affecting or adapting to specific ecological factors. The resulting cultural landscape reflects the interrelationship between man and nature in the long history. As agriculture must have settlements, typical cultural landscapes include land-use systems and villages and buildings. More importantly, a long-term and stable cultural landscape is the result of sustainable land use and represents an intrinsic aesthetic value. The transition from a natural landscape to a cultural landscape through human activities should not be seen as a devastation of nature or natural landscape but rather as a (re-) shaping of the landscape. Depending on their suitability for agricultural development, trends that cultural landscapes face in the 21st century include intensification or total abandonment. The task of landscape architecture is to find a balance between these two extremes, to develop a concept of development that takes into account the historical and aesthetic values of the cultural landscape.