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经济人源于功利主义哲学,功利主义目的是追求社会利益的最大化;但是,最大限度地扩大社会功利并不一定是互利的,基于行为功利主义的自利行为并不一定会和谐地实现。其实,现实世界的人具有不同于动物的社会性,其行为也与特定的环境有关,因而具有这样两个重要特点:一者,绝大多数人类行为是基于“为己利他”行为机理的互利主义而非个人利益最大化的行为功利主义;二者,现实社会中的人类行为具有圈层扩展的差序性特质而非经济人所假设的平面和机械的等序结构。
The economic man is derived from the utilitarian philosophy. The purpose of utilitarianism is to pursue the maximization of social interests. However, maximizing the expansion of social utility is not necessarily mutually beneficial. Self-interest based on utilitarianism may not be achieved in a harmonious way. Actually, people in the real world have social characteristics different from that of animals. Their behavior is also related to a specific environment and thus has two important characteristics: one is that the vast majority of human behavior is based on the principle of “serving oneself and others” Rather than utilitarianism that maximizes personal interests; both, human behavior in real societies has the trait-of-order nature of the extension of the circle rather than the plane and mechanical ordering structure assumed by the economists.