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四维地震监测是一种以时间推移方式、在一套产油储层上获得并分析重复的三维地震勘探结果的过程。四维地震技术在储层产油造成的流体饱和度、压力和温度变化方面具有直接成象能力。虽然四维地震的原理及概念比较简单,但是用其来解决实际问题却是很复杂的。利用 Chevron 公司在墨西哥湾、北海、西非和印度尼西亚等地四维地震项目的几个野外实例,讨论了5个主要的实用问题。促使四维地震发展的商业因素包括:通过作出所遗漏的石油图件增加产量;通过准确监测注入的流体降低作业费用;改进储层模型,降低勘探风险。可行性和风险评价是四维地震项目成功与否的关键因素。根据测井曲线和三维流体模拟,仔细地预测地震响应。地震采集和处理也必须进行优化,以便增强每次地震测量之间的可重复信号,并且降低非重复性噪音。最后,通过历史匹配流动模拟和油藏资料来重现四维地震图象,这是进行可靠储层管理决策的必要条件。
Four-dimensional seismic monitoring is a time-dependent process of obtaining and analyzing repeated 3D seismic exploration results on a reservoir of oil. Four-dimensional seismic technology has direct imaging capabilities in terms of fluid saturation, pressure and temperature changes caused by reservoir oil production. Although the principle and concept of 4D seismic are relatively simple, it is very complicated to solve practical problems with it. Five major practical problems were discussed using several field examples from Chevron’s four-dimensional seismic project in the Gulf of Mexico, the North Sea, West Africa and Indonesia. Commercial factors that have contributed to the development of 4D seismic include increasing output by making missing oil maps, reducing operating costs by accurately monitoring injected fluids, improving reservoir models and reducing exploration risks. Feasibility and risk assessment are key factors in the success of a 4D seismic project. Seismic response is carefully predicted based on well logs and 3D fluid simulations. Seismic acquisition and processing must also be optimized to enhance the repeatable signal between each seismic survey and to reduce non-repetitive noise. Finally, the retrieval of four-dimensional seismic images from history-matched flow simulations and reservoir data is a necessary condition for reliable reservoir management decisions.