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美国科学院(National Academy of Sciences,NAS)成立于1863年。根据国会通过的法案,它是一个民间组织,对政府保持独立,但为政府提供顾问;它不享受国会拔款、不设研究所等机构,院士为荣誉职、不受薪。由美国科学院建立的工程科学院(National Academy of Engineering,NAE)和医学科学院(Institute of Medicine,IOM)也属同样性质。为了吸收全国最优秀的科学技术力量为联邦政府和公众工作,由以上三院联合,组成国家研究委员会(National Research Council,NRC)下设常设机构。根据政府各部门提出的各种课题和经费,NRC邀请全国各地的专家义务组成各种研究小组进行研究,其成果报告由NRC审查后,以NRC的名义提交政府。
The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) was founded in 1863. According to a bill passed by the National Assembly, it is a non-governmental organization that maintains independence from the government and advises the government. It does not enjoy the funds of the Congress and does not have institutions such as the Institute, and its academicians are honored and paid without pay. The National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM), established by the American Academy of Sciences, are also of the same nature. In order to absorb the best scientific and technological forces in the country for the federal government and the public, a joint body of the above three institutes is formed to form a permanent body under the National Research Council (NRC). According to various government departments proposed topics and funding, NRC invites experts across the country composed of various research groups to conduct research, the results of the report by the NRC review, submitted to the government in the name of the NRC.