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A robust adaptive control is proposed for a class of uncertain nonlinear non-affine SISO systems. In order to approximate the unknown nonlinear function, an affine type neural network (ATNN) and neural state feedback compensation are used, and then to compensate the approximation error and extal disturbance, a robust control term is employed. By Lyapunov stability analysis for the closed-loop system, it is proven that tracking errors asymptotically converge to zero. Moreover, an observer is designed to estimate the system states because all the states may not be available for measurements. Furthermore, the adaptation laws of neural networks and the robust controller are given based on the Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, two simulation examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control method. Finally, two simulation examples show that the proposed method exhibits strong robustness, fast response and small tracking error, even for the non-affine nonlinear system with extal disturbance, which confirms the effectiveness of the proposed approach.