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近代科学技术的历史已发展到了一个非常惊人的程度,这也应归功于二十世纪前三十年的一些革命性的发现,这些发现和产生它们的思想,以及随后由此产生的技术,便形成了人们的遗产,这些遗产已经成为我们现代科学技术的基础。本文拟集中精力简述几个主要问题。为此,详细地叙述这些遗产是很有必要的。上世纪末已创建了所谓的经典力学,或称之为牛顿力学。当时有些极有权威的物理学家认为:经典力学即牛顿力学将不会再有多大的发展了。十九世纪获得的两项伟大科学成就——詹姆斯·克莱克·麦克斯韦尔的电动力学,以及以原子结构理论为依据的路特伟格·波尔曼对热力学的解释。两者之间的统一在十九世纪末已被人们公认了。它们和艾萨克·牛顿力学一起构成了自然科学基础知识中最重要的知识框架。这就是当时的物理学。同时,工业革命给十八世纪和十九世纪时期的西方世界带来了巨大的发展,这一发展最初是以牛顿力学和后来的麦克斯韦尔电动力学以及波尔曼的热力学为基础。尽管已有这些成就,但
The history of modern science and technology has reached a very alarming level, and it is also due to some revolutionary discoveries of the first three decades of the twentieth century that these discoveries and the ideas that led to them, and the resulting technologies Formed the heritage of peoples that have become the basis of our modern science and technology. This article is intended to focus on a few key issues. For this reason, it is necessary to describe these heritage in detail. The so-called classic mechanics, or Newtonian mechanics, have been created by the end of the last century. Some highly authoritative physicists at the time thought that the development of classical mechanics, Newtonian mechanics, would not be much further. Two great scientific achievements of the nineteenth century - the electrodynamics of James Klerk Maxwell and the explanation of thermodynamics by Luttwer Polman based on the theory of atomic structure. The unification between the two has been recognized by the end of the nineteenth century. Together with Isaac Newtonian mechanics, they form the most important framework of knowledge in the basic knowledge of the natural sciences. This is the physics of the time. At the same time, the industrial revolution brought tremendous growth to the Western world of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a development that was originally based on Newtonian mechanics and later Maxwell's electrodynamics and Bollman's thermodynamics. Despite these achievements,