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在美国,少有声称自己是不想创新的人,特别是那些高级管理人员。据一家咨询公司调查,约有百分之九十九的高级管理人员认为自己是拥护改革,喜欢创新的。但是他们的下属却往往认为,高级管理人员通常是阻止改革而不是支持改革的。当然,大多数公司总经理和董事部认为,改革的阻力主要来自下层。改革的主观努力往往会带来改革的客观阻力。这是因为,改革不仅要求变革组织机构和管理方式,而首先要求改变人们的态度、行为和价值观念。随着改变的延续和发展,各级人员都会自觉不自觉地恢复那种受现存文化支持的习惯和行为。所以,如果一个新思想或新的突破不能超越现存文化的约束,它就不会产生真正的、彻底的和不断发展的改革。比如,如果我们不改变以往的旅行模式,我们就不会有高速汽车、飞机和航天飞机。对高级管理人员来说,进行改革的最佳途径就是集中精力帮助别人成为改革家。如果一个人能够使他人敢于向现状挑战,他夺人也就成为一个改革家了。一般地说,改革家不按任何教条行事。但是,那些做出非凡变革的人也确有些共同的特征,这些特征可归纳为如下八个方面:
In the United States, there are few people who claim that they do not want to innovate, especially those senior managers. According to a survey conducted by a consulting company, about 99 percent of senior executives believe that they are advocating reforms and that they like innovation. However, their subordinates often believe that senior managers usually prevent reforms rather than support reforms. Of course, most of the company’s general managers and board of directors believe that the main obstacles to reform are from the lower levels. The subjective efforts of reform often bring about objective resistance to reform. This is because reforms not only require changes in organizational structure and management methods, but they must first change people’s attitudes, behaviors, and values. With the continuation and development of change, all levels of staff will consciously and unconsciously restore the habits and behaviors supported by existing culture. Therefore, if a new idea or new breakthrough cannot surpass the constraints of the existing culture, it will not result in a true, thorough, and continuous reform. For example, if we do not change the previous travel mode, we will not have high-speed cars, planes and space shuttles. For senior executives, the best way to reform is to focus on helping others become reformers. If one person can make others dare to challenge the status quo, he will become a reformer. In general, reformers do not act according to any dogma. However, those who make extraordinary changes do share some common characteristics. These characteristics can be summarized into the following eight aspects: