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古希腊文aletheia(α’λη’θεια)一词的词义为真实。在希罗多德的著作中,aletheia意为史事经过史家真假判断而达到的真实。另一方面,希罗多德受到城邦口授传统的影响,往往让听众来判断史事的真假。修昔底德著作中的aletheia,已经摆脱了城邦口授传统的影响,表述了史家对真假判断的自主性。修昔底德还意识到,在某种情况下(如演说词的建构),史家难以再现历史的真实。波利比乌斯则进一步意识到,历史研究可能并存着历史的客观性与史家的主观性。他认为只有普世的历史(即重视世界各地联系与整体性的历史),才能揭示人类历史的真相。以上三位史家所用的aletheia一词及其思想,反映了古希腊史学求真思想的发展及其特点。
The meaning of the word aletheia (α’λη’θεια) in Greek is true. In Herodotus’s writings, aletheia means the truth that history has achieved through the judgment of the historians. On the other hand, Herodotus was influenced by the tradition of city-state dictation and often let listeners judge the authenticity of historical events. The aletheia in Thucydides’s writings has escaped the influence of the city-state tradition of dictation and expresses the autonomy of historians in judging truth and falsity. Thucydides also realized that under certain circumstances (such as the construction of speech), historians find it hard to reproduce the truth of history. Polibius further realizes that historical studies may co-exist with the objectivity of history and the subjectivity of historians. He believes that the history of human history can be revealed only through universal history (that is, by attaching importance to the links between the world and the whole history). The term aletheia used by the above three historians and their thoughts reflect the development and characteristics of the ancient Greek historically thought-begging thought.