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按照史学上的分期法,人类历史进入阶级社会就开始了文明时代。对于划分文明时代与野蛮时代的标志,即划分阶级社会与原始社会的标志问题,史学界至今仍是说法不一。有些学者认为一夫一妻制家庭的出现是文明时代开始的标志;有些学者认为国家的出现是文明时代开始的标志;还有些学者认为城市、文字或铜器的出现是文明时代开始的标志。但是这些划分阶级社会与原始社会的标志,都存在明显的欠妥之处而难于同历史实际相吻合,所以本文在指出这些划分阶级社会与原始社会的标志的欠妥之处的基础上,提出新的
According to the historical staging method, human history entered a class society and started the era of civilization. Historiography still lags in the way of dividing the distinction between the symbol of the civilized era and the barbarous era, that is, the distinction between class society and primitive society. Some scholars think that the emergence of a monogamous family is the symbol of the beginning of the civilized age. Some scholars think that the appearance of the country is the symbol of the beginning of the civilized age. Others think that the appearance of cities, words or bronze wares is the symbol of the beginning of the era of civilization. However, these distinctions between the classifying society and the primitive society have obvious defects and are difficult to coincide with the historical reality. Therefore, on the basis of pointing out the defects of these classifying societies and the primitive society signs, new