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本文针对黑土利用现状,在吉林农业大学教学试验场黑土区选择不同利用方式的玉米地、休闲地、果园、草地,并在玉米区进行了不同数量的施肥。通过野外试验,采集2002年度5~10月历次自然降雨(共7次)产流及泥沙样品,同时采集降雨前后的耕层土壤样品,研究了黑土区地表径流对磷素养分特征及肥力退化的影响。结果表明:径流TP流失比和DP流失比随覆盖度都表现为先增加后逐渐降低;不同利用方式表层土壤的TP和DP相差很大,就全磷富积表现为果园>草地>玉米地>休闲地,可溶性磷的富积却表现为:休闲地>玉米>果园>草地;随P肥用量的增加而径流磷素(TP、DP)浓度及径流磷素流失量也增加;流失泥沙TP浓度随着磷素施入的增加而增加;泥沙磷素浓度、泥沙磷素流失量均比CK大,但泥沙流失量均比CK小;增施氮磷虽能增加作物的产量,但N、P施用量必须适度,从试验期间径流、泥沙的TP、DP流失量观测,可以初步得出黑土氮磷配合施肥的宜于选配的方案是B5区N98P44N570。
In this paper, according to the current situation of black soil utilization, different types of maize land, fallow land, orchard and grassland were selected in the black soil area of Jilin Agricultural University Experimental Teaching Site. Different amounts of fertilization were applied in the maize area. Through field experiments, runoff and sediment samples of all natural rains (from July to October in 2002) were collected. Soil samples before and after raining were collected to study the effects of surface runoff on the characteristics of phosphorus and fertility Impact. The results showed that both TP loss ratio and DP loss ratio of runoff increased first and then decreased with the increase of coverage; TP and DP of topsoil differed by different ways, and the accumulation of total phosphorus showed as orchard> meadow> corn field> Leisurely, the accumulation of soluble phosphorus showed as follows: leisure> corn> orchard> grassland; with the increase of P fertilizer, the concentration of runoff phosphorus (TP, DP) and runoff phosphorus loss also increased; Concentration increased with the increase of phosphorus application. Sediment phosphorus concentration and sediment phosphorus loss were larger than that of CK, but sediment loss was less than CK. Increasing nitrogen and phosphorus could increase crop yield, However, the application rates of N and P must be moderate. From the observation of runoff and sediment TP and DP loss during the experiment period, we can conclude that the suitable option of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization in black soil is N98P44N570 in B5.