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从字面意义上看,垄断是在某种市场上仅有一个生产者。对市场来说,该生产者的产品是独一无二的,不存在着类似的可替代的产品。但这种纯粹的垄断比较少见,因而经济学意义上的垄断还包括几个生产者共同占有某种市场的情况。从经济学的观点来看,垄断并不完全是祸害,有时候它能带来规模经济,从而能够带来降低产品单位成本、促进生产和科学技术进步等。但理论和实践也证明了,垄断有可能是一个重要的经济祸害,比如垄断者会规定
Literally, monopoly is the only producer in a market. For the market, the producer’s product is unique and there are no similar substitutes. However, this pure monopoly is relatively rare, and thus the economic monopoly also includes the situation where several producers jointly own a certain market. From an economic point of view, monopolies are not entirely a scourge, and sometimes it brings about economies of scale that can lead to lower unit costs of goods, to production and to advances in science and technology. But theory and practice also prove that monopoly may be an important economic scourge. For example, the monopolist may stipulate