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全世界近现代发生过迁都情况的国家将近50个,超过现有国家总数(193个)的四分之一,也就是说,平均不到四个国家中就有一个国家是迁过都的。这还仅仅是就国家的“个数”而论,如果言及这些国家的面积,则几乎占到五大洲面积总和的83%。可见迁都影响所及非常广阔。以此为据,断言一个多世纪--尤其现当代--以来,迁都之“风”席卷全世界,也绝不为过。从时间上来看,20世纪前迁都的国家很少,各大洲加起来,统共不过13个;绝大多数国家的迁都,发生在20世纪各个时期。非洲国家的迁都,更清一色地全部发生在20世纪。从地理分布来看,迁都的国家,以非洲国家最多,有19个;亚洲次之,有13个;其次是美洲,有9个;再次是欧洲,有5个;大洋洲最少,也有3个。一个国家何以要迁都,原因颇为复杂,可谓不一而足。有的纯粹是被动性质,如因遭到外敌大举入侵,以致战火蔓延,国土沦丧,国运危殆,这时作为国家的政治统治中枢和战争指挥首脑的首都,必要时不得不相机转移,以利再战,如第二次世界大战期间,苏联就曾一度迁都古比雪夫(也就是今天的萨马拉)。不过这类迁都,多半属于非常、暂时、权宜、应变的性质,一旦战争过后、和平恢复,甚至战局好转,不待战争结束,就还会“还都”--仍然把首都迁回原处。我们这里谈论的迁都,概指和平时期的正常运作而言。国家和平时期的迁都,主要的驱动力大体不外乎政治、经济、发展等各方面的需要。
There are nearly 50 countries in the world that have been relocated in recent modern times, more than a quarter of the total number of existing countries (193 countries). That is to say, only one in four countries in the world is relocated on average. It is only about the “number” of countries, which account for almost 83% of the total area of the five continents. It can be seen that the relocation of the affected area is very vast. Taking this as a basis, it is no exaggeration to assert that over the past century, especially the present and the present, the sweeping “wind” of the capital has swept the world. From a time point of view, few countries relocated their capital before the 20th century, and all the continents added up to a total of 13; most of the nation’s relocation of capital took place in various periods of the 20th century. The relocation of capitals in African countries took place more completely in the 20th century. In terms of geographical distribution, the number of countries moving the capital to Africa is the largest, with 19 countries; Asia followed by 13 countries; followed by the Americas with 9; again with Europe, with 5; and Oceania with at least 3. Why a country to move the capital, the reason is quite complex, can be described as one after another. Some were purely passive. As a result of the invasion by foreign enemies, the war spread, land loss, and critical mass transport. At that time, as the capital of the country’s political ruling center and head of the war, it was necessary to shift the camera to Eli again During the war, as of World War II, the Soviet Union once moved the capital to Kuibishev (that is, Samara today). However, most of these relocations are very, temporary, expedient and contingent. Once the war is over, peace will resume and even the war situation will be better. We will not return the capital until the war is over. . The relocation of the capital, which we are talking about here, refers to the normal operation in peacetime. The main driving force for moving the capital in peacetime is generally nothing more than the needs of politics, economy and development.