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自然科学与宗教本质上是根本对立的。因为自然科学的对象是运动着的物质,而这些物质及其运动规律是客观存在的,不依人的意志为转移的。可是,宗教却硬要人们去相信上帝,相信“上帝主宰一切”,因而也主宰自然的谬论,所以在神学的统治下,在近代自然科学发展的初期,“它还得为争取自己的生存权利而斗争”。(《自然辩证法》8页)不少著名的自然科学家被送上宗教裁判所和火刑场。然而,在历史上也有不少这种现象,有些人既是自然科学家,又是神学家,牛顿是一个典型,俄国化学家布特列洛夫是另一个典型。布特列洛夫(1828—1886)在自然科学的研究工作中,具有自发的唯物主义思想,他在1861年提出的结构理论,对有机化学作出了有益的贡献。然而,他又是一个唯心主义者,他积极地宣传招魂术,并企图为它找寻自然科学的理论基础。他还在俄国及国外的好些杂
Natural science and religion are fundamentally antithetical. Because the objects of the natural sciences are the moving matter, and these laws of matter and their movement are objective, they do not depend on the human will. However, religions insist that people believe in God and believe that “God rules everything” and therefore dominate the fallacies of nature. Therefore, under the rule of theology and in the early days of the development of modern natural science, “it has to fight for its right to subsistence And fight. ” (“Dialectics of Nature” on page 8) Many notable natural scientists were sent to the Inquisition and the Fireplace. However, there are many such phenomena in history. Some are both natural scientists and theologians. Newton is a typical example, and the Russian chemist Butlerov is another example. Bouterelov (1828-1886), with spontaneous materialism in the research work of the natural sciences, and his structural theory proposed in 1861, made a useful contribution to organic chemistry. Yet again, he is an idealist who actively advocates spiritualism and seeks to find the theoretical foundations for the natural sciences. He is still more complicated in Russia and abroad