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【目的】我国南方双季稻区晚稻品种以籼稻为主。近年来我国粳米需求量逐渐增大,研究者提出了利用南方双季稻区充足的温光等资源进行晚季稻“籼改粳”以提高粳稻总产量。系统研究双季晚粳稻高产、优质和高效的氮肥运筹方式就显得十分重要。【方法】2011~2012年,在南方典型双季稻区江西省上高县泗溪镇,以杂交粳稻常优5号和甬优8号为晚稻材料,在总施纯氮量225 kg/hm2条件下,设置10∶0、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4、5∶5、4∶6、3∶7七种基蘖肥与穗肥运筹比例,通过研究不同氮肥运筹方式对双季晚粳稻产量及其构成因素、叶面积指数、茎蘖动态、光合物质生产与积累、氮素吸收利用以及稻米品质等方面的影响,明确了南方稻区双季晚粳稻氮肥精确运筹模式。【结果】随基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低,结实率、千粒重和每穗粒数呈先增加后减少的趋势,穗数呈减少趋势。氮肥基蘖肥与穗肥比例在6∶4~7∶3范围内,双季晚粳稻群体穗数充足、穗型大、群体颖花量高,且结实率和千粒重较稳定,产量显著高于其他处理,最高产量为9985 kg/hm2。拔节前群体茎蘖数增加较慢,但高峰苗数适宜,拔节后群体茎蘖数下降平缓,茎蘖成穗率显著高于其他处理,高于70%;生育中期和后期,群体叶面积指数较高,群体光合势高,光合生产力强,干物质积累量显著提高。随基蘖肥占总施氮量比例降低,成熟期氮素积累总量、氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学利用率及氮肥偏生产力均呈先增加后减少的趋势,百公斤稻谷需氮量呈先减少后增加的趋势。6∶4和7∶3处理拔节前氮素积累量较少,拔节至抽穗期氮素积累量和成熟期积累量显著高于其他处理。6∶4和7∶3处理氮肥表观利用率、农学利用率及偏生产力显著高于其他处理,百公斤稻谷需氮量显著低于其他处理。氮肥表观利用率与基蘖肥比例呈开口向下的二次曲线关系。同时该氮肥运筹模式可改善稻米加工品质、蒸煮食味和营养品质,但增加了稻米垩白率和垩白度,RVA谱特征值各指标不能同时达到最佳值。【结论】基蘖肥∶穗肥为6∶4~7∶3的氮肥运筹方案,可使双季晚粳稻高产、优质、高效得到较好的协调统一。
【Objective】 The indica rice is the main variety of late rice in the double cropping rice in southern China. In recent years, the demand for japonica rice has been gradually increasing. The researchers proposed to use late spring rice and “indica to japonica” to increase the total output of japonica rice by using sufficient temperature and light resources in the southern double cropping rice area. It is very important to systematically study the high-yielding, high-quality and efficient N application methods in late-season late japonica rice. 【Method】 From 2011 to 2012, the hybrid japonica rice Changyou 5 and Yongyou 8 were used as the late rice materials in the typical southern double-crop rice-growing area of Sihe Town, Shanggao County, Jiangxi Province. The total N application rate was 225 kg / hm2 Under the conditions of 10:0,8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7 set the ratio of seven base tillering fertilizer and panicle fertilizer, through the study of different modes of nitrogen fertilizer on the double The effects of late season late japonica rice yield and its components, leaf area index, stem and tiller dynamics, photosynthetic production and accumulation, nitrogen uptake and utilization, and rice quality were analyzed. 【Result】 The results showed that with the decrease of the ratio of total N fertilizer, the seed setting rate, grain weight per spike and grain number per spike increased firstly and then decreased, while the spike number decreased. The ratio of nitrogen-based tillering fertilizer to panicle fertilizer was in the range of 6: 4-7: 3. The population of late-season late japonica rice had sufficient spikes, large panicle size, high spikelet population, more stable seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight, and significantly higher yield Other treatments, the highest yield of 9985 kg / hm2. The number of stalks and tillers in the population before jointing increased slowly, but the number of peak seedling was suitable. The number of stalks and tillers in the population decreased gently after jointing, and the spike rate of stalks was significantly higher than that of other treatments, which was higher than 70%. In middle and late growth stage, High index, population photosynthetic potential, photosynthetic productivity, dry matter accumulation increased significantly. With the ratio of base tiller fertilizer to total nitrogen application decreased, the total amount of nitrogen accumulation, apparent nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer partial yield increased first and then decreased in mature stage, and the nitrogen requirement per kilogram of rice was First reduce the trend of increase. The nitrogen accumulation in 6:4 and 7:3 was lower than that in other treatments at jointing to heading stage. 6:4 and 7: 3, the apparent nitrogen use efficiency, agronomic utilization rate and partial yield were significantly higher than those of other treatments, and the nitrogen demand per kilogram of rice was significantly lower than that of other treatments. Apparent utilization of nitrogen fertilizer and the proportion of base tiller was downward quadratic curve relationship. At the same time, the nitrogen fertilizer operation mode can improve rice processing quality, cooking taste and nutritional quality, but increase the chalky rice rate and chalky rice ratio, the RVA spectrum characteristic value can not reach the optimal value at the same time. 【Conclusion】 The base-tillering fertilizer: panicle fertilizer is a 6:4 ~ 7: 3 nitrogen fertilizer operation scheme, which can make the double-crop late japonica rice produce better coordination, better quality and higher efficiency.