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养老包括经济供养、生活服务(照料)和居住方式等多方面的内容。在市场经济条件下,这几方面都出现了从家庭提供为主向社会提供为主过渡的趋势。 一、老年人经济供养方式的社会化趋势 从全国来看,目前老年人靠家庭供养者约占3/4,由社会供养者约占1/4。其中城乡差别很大,乡村老年人主要经济来源由家庭提供者占92.9％,由社会提供者占7.1％;城市老年人主要经济来源由家庭提供者占37.9％,由社会提供者占62.1％。到2000年后,我国城镇老年人口将基本实现社会经济供养。因此,所谓过渡主要是农村老年人从以家庭供养为主向以社会供养为主的过渡。这种转变是与我国农村社会生产力及经济发展相适应的。首先,随着农村社会经济的发展,我国传统养老的思想基础已开始发生动摇。其次,人口再生产类型的转变及家庭规模和家庭结构的变化使老年抚养系数提高,家庭赡养老人的功能正在衰退。第三,由于我国农村社会经济的发展和农民收入水平的提高,为养老社会化的发展提供了物质基础。
Pension includes many aspects such as economic support, living services (care) and living styles. Under the conditions of a market economy, there has been a trend in these areas of transition from providing the home mainly to providing the community. I. The Socialization Trend of the Economic Support for the Elderly In terms of the whole country, the elderly currently account for about 3/4 of the family supporters and about 1/4 of the social supporters. Among them, the urban and rural areas vary greatly. The main source of income for the elderly in rural areas is 92.9% of the households and 7.1% of the urban households. The main source of income for the urban elderly is 37.9% of the households and 62.1% of the urban households. By the year 2000, China’s urban elderly population will basically achieve social and economic support. Therefore, the so-called transition mainly refers to the transition of the elderly in the rural areas mainly from family support to social support. This change is compatible with the social productive forces and economic development in rural China. First of all, with the development of rural social economy, the ideological foundation of our country’s traditional old-age pension has begun to fluctuate. Second, changes in the type of population reproduction and changes in family size and family structure have led to an increase in the old-age dependency coefficient and the function of family-support for the elderly is declining. Third, due to the social and economic development of rural areas in our country and the improvement of the income level of peasants, it has provided the material basis for the socialization of retirement care.