Land surface area estimation can provide basic information for accurately estimating vegetation carbon storage under complex terrain. This study selected China,
In the calibration of hydrological models, evaluation criteria are explicitly and quantitatively defined as single-or multi-objective functions when utilizing a
The Jiapigou gold mine area, located in the upper reaches of the Songhua River, was the first and largest artisanal gold mine once in China, and it used to be p