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行动是一个非常核心的哲学概念,一系列重要的哲学问题或主题均与之密切相关,例如意义、意图、自由意志、道德责任等等——对它们的理解至少部分地依赖于对行动的理解。那么,究竟什么是行动呢?对于这个问题,行动哲学不自觉地采用了知识论的主流路线,即用种加属差的方式来分析行动。这其实是一种还原论,因为它将行动还原为事件以及另外的约束条件,就像多数知识论将知识还原为信念以及另外的约束条件一样。本文试图表明,行动哲学的还原论与知识论的还原论一样注定是无效的,因而应该抛弃。全文共分四部分:第一部分阐明行动问题;第二部分用知识问题来类比行动问题,以表明行动哲学还原论的问题所在;第三部分将知识论的非还原论拓展到行动哲学,进而发展出行动析取论(disjunctivism);第四部分则在行动析取论的基础上提出行动的知觉理论。行动析取论与行动的知觉理论合起来可以为行动问题提供令人满意的答案。
Action is a very central philosophical concept, and a series of important philosophical questions or topics are closely related to it, such as meaning, intention, free will, moral responsibility, etc. - their understanding depends at least in part on their understanding of the action . So, what exactly is action? For this question, philosophy of action unconsciously adopts the mainstream line of epistemology, that is, to analyze the action in the form of gendered differences. This is actually a reductionism, because it reduces actions to events and other constraints, just as most epistemologies reduce knowledge to beliefs and other constraints. This article attempts to show that the reductionism of philosophical action is doomed to be as invalid as the reductionism of epistemology and should therefore be discarded. The full text divides into four parts altogether: The first part clarifies the action problem; The second part uses the question of knowledge to analogize the question of action to show the problem of philosophical reductionism of action; The third part extends the non-reductionism of epistemology to action philosophy, The disjunctivism of travel theory; the fourth part puts forward the perceptual theory of action on the basis of action disjunctive theory. Together, action extraction theory and action perception theory provide satisfactory answers to action questions.