论文部分内容阅读
一、考情扫描
类别2014年2013年2012年
考点分布
原文词汇456
转换词汇644
概括性词汇1
答案不唯一题数97
原文总词数(不含汉字)405392434
命题总词数(含10个空格)14896140
题型树状图树状图树状图
二、考点分析
考点一、原文词汇
1.命题特点:此类题考查考生捕捉文中信息的能力。常占总题量的50%左右,难度不大,关键是信息的定位与筛选。
2.考例点拨
【考例1】 (2012·江苏高考)Leaders tend to (71) their assistants too often.
【点拨】 此题的宾语是their assistants,主语是Leaders。根据这两点可以快速在文中定位原句,即“many leaders bother their assistants with frequent meetings ...”,因此可以找到关键词bother,再根据tend to do sth.词组,可知此空填动词原形。
【考例2】 (2011·江苏高考)Being public figures, leaders are (77) to appear strong and capable.
【点拨】 此题根据空格后的to appear strong and capable可以快速在原文中将信息定位在“They are expected to appear strong and capable.”根据原文可知They指Leaders,因此空格填expected。原文和此题均是被动语态。
但是有少数原文词汇题比较复杂,常表现在题目所在句简短而原文所在句很长,或原文和题目所在句均很长。在这两种情况下,由于题目所在句是对原文所在句进行了句型转换,意思一样,但原文词汇显得更加隐蔽,基础差的同学往往发现不了。此时,考生要认真比对信息,通过筛选和甄别,最终锁定原文词汇。
【考例1】 (2012·江苏高考)Such a management style may result in greater (72) and less productivity in the assistants.
【点拨】 此题是对原文“In doing so, managers lift everyones anxiety level, which activates the part of the brain that processes threats and steals resources from the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for effective problem solving.”的转换。由于该句和题目所在的句子相似单词少,大大增加了难度。其实此处的result in greater anxiety与原句中lift everyones anxiety level意思一致。当然填anxiety的近义词concern或worry也正确。
【考例2】 (2011·江苏高考)Public apology is more than a personal (71).
【点拨】 此句是对原文第一段“But when were acting as leaders, the circumstances are different. The act of apology is carried out not merely at the level of the individual but also at the level of the institution. Its a performance in which every expression matters and every word becomes part of the public record.”的高度概括,基础差的同学可能很难发现上述表达的关键词act, performance。当然此题填其同义词activity也正确。不过,在做任务型阅读时,要坚持“原文词汇是第一位”的原则。
考点二、转换词汇
1.命题特点:转换词汇常涉及词和短语的转换(包括词性、词形转换、同义词和反义词转换、短语转换)、句子的转换(句型转换和信息重新整理)。常占总量的40%~50%。由于学生英语基础不扎实,常在此类题目上丢分。
2.考例点拨
(1)第一类转换词汇略显简单,即涉及词和短语的转换。这时,考生只需根据题目信息,在原文找到相似的信息,锁定关键词,注意词形变化即可。
【考例1】 (2012·江苏高考)Research findings: People perform better when thinking (76) .
【点拨】 此句对应的原文信息是:Research shows that when people work with a positive mindset, performance on nearly every level—productivity, creativity, involvement—improves. 因此,对比之后,此题空格处填的词与原文中的positive有关,再根据其前的thinking可知应用副词形式,即positively。
【考例2】 (2010· 江苏高考)Our earth is a big magnet and a little freely (71) magnetic needle lines itself with the earth magnet to point north and south. 【点拨】 此句对应的原文信息是:So a little magnetic needle that swings freely lines itself with the big earth magnet to point north and south. 通过对比,我们可以很容易地发现空格处填的词与swing有关,再根据此题后有谓语动词lines,所以此空填非谓语动词swinging。
(2)第二类转换词汇则比较难。它涉及句意转换,要求考生具有较强的文章理解能力,并能将相关信息进行概括、整合、提炼,从而完成试题规定的任务。考生要想做好此类题,必须具有扎实的英语基本功,对英语语法、词汇熟练掌握,同时,阅读理解能力要强。这当然不是一天两天能够形成的,是一个长期积累的过程,是一个量变到质变的过程。该类句意转换的词汇同样要注意词形。
【考例1】 (2012·江苏高考)Positive leadership could make a big (75) to employees performance.
【点拨】 要做好此题,考生必须具有较强的语篇意识和总结概括能力。考生只有将第一层次的管理方法(逼迫式管理)和第二层次的管理方法(以人为本的管理)进行比较,才能概括出结论:积极的领导艺术对员工的工作表现会产生重大的影响。
【考例2】 (2011·江苏高考)Apologies not (73) offered can bring on individual and institution ruin.
【点拨】 此句对应的原文信息是“while an apology that is too little, too late, or too obviously strategic can bring on individual and institutional ruin.”,对比两句意思可知“不适宜的道歉会毁了一个人和机构。所以要填properly / appropriately / successfully / rightly。
考点三、概括性词汇
1.命题特点:典型的任务型阅读题目设置分为两栏,左边一栏是文章提纲(passage outline),右边栏是支持性细节或论据(supporting details)。左栏的概括性词汇要求能够最大程度地覆盖右栏信息,同时具有简洁性。虽然这类概括性词汇在高考任务型阅读中目前出现频率低,但在平时的各类模拟考试中却是经常出现的,也不排除今后的高考题中题量会有所体现。
2.解题技巧:其实此类概括性词汇总体难度不大,考生只要认真理解右栏信息内容就能概括出左栏的词汇。关键是概括性词汇的拼写和形式要正确。有些同学在平时的考试中,知道填哪个概括性词汇,却出现拼写错误、大小写错误或词形错误(如单复数)。因此,对于此类概括性词汇同学们要多背多写,加强训练,必将轻易攻克。
【考例】 (2013·江苏高考)
(73) of
conscientiousness
Conscientiousness keeps an organization .
Conscientious employees at the lower levels give outstanding .
The most conscientious salespersons usually have the largest volumes of sales.
Conscientious employees are less likely to be .
【点拨】 表格右栏四点说明“尽责的重要性/功能/作用”,故第(73)空填Functions / Roles / Importance / Significance。
附:常考任务型阅读概括性词汇(由于部分名词在考试中常以复数形式出现,所以表中列出了其复数形式)
类别词汇
原因reasons (for), causes (of)
影响effect, influence, impact
异同differences, similarities
优劣benefit, advantage, disadvantage, drawback, strengths, weaknesses
目的purposes, aims, goals
建议advice, suggestions, tips
方式、方法ways (to do), ways (of doing), solutions (to doing), approaches (to doing), how (to do)
总结、结论Summary, Conclusion(首字母常大写)
态度attitude (to / towards)
特点/征feature, characteristic
措施、行动measures, actions
种类kinds, types
步骤、过程steps, procedures, processes
出处、用途history, origin; use, function
重要、意义significance(s), importance(s), meaning(s)
定义、主题definition, theme(s), topic(s), subject(s)
三、备考策略 任务型阅读是对已阅读信息进行二次加工的过程,它要求考生归纳概括文中要点,整合零散信息并且把系统化的信息以表格等形式有序地表述出来,使零散信息条理化、明朗化、简单化和形象化。表格是文章信息的重构。
(一)三定:(1)定位:根据题目中的信息在原文找到相应的信息点;(2)定性:观察表格上下左右,注意词的词性和形式、大小写等;(3)定词:所填单词拼写须正确。
(二)将答案填入答题卡的空格处时,须注意对号入座,千万不能错位。注意顺序是横向还是纵向。
(三)掌握一些常见的概括性词汇的正确拼写、考试说明中词汇的词性变化和一些常见的词组或句型转换形式。
当然,光有技巧是不行的。技巧不能代替训练。只有在训练中感悟技巧,才能锦上添花,否则只能纸上谈兵,所有的策略等都是浮云。
四、常见词性词形规则
规则考例
1.主谓一致型A: First, teachers tend to talk about what they plan to test on.
B: What teachers says in class tends to be tested on.
2.“动词ing”型A: Green computing started as early as 1992, when the EPA created Energy Star, which is a voluntary labeling program that promotes energyefficient computing equipment and technologies.
B: In 1992, the EPA created Energy Star program, promoting energy efficient computing equipment and technologies.
3.“动词 副词”型A: Teachers should let students take an active part in finishing complex meaningful tasks.
B: Let students participate actively in complex meaningful tasks.
4.“形容词”型1. A: Physically and mentally, are we prepared to handle what may come?
B: No good physical and mental preparations.
2. A: Greater gains in body movement skills may increase confidence in physical ability.
B: Children show greater gains in body movement skills, which can make them more confident in physical ability.
5.“动词 名词”型A: This is a hard balance to achieve as it has to satisfy users ...
B: Green computing requires the satisfaction of users ...
6.“介词 动词ing”或“介词 名词”型A: They dont hesitate to point out your problems.
B: They can point out your problems without any hesitation / hesitating.
7.“动词原形”型1. A: Dont slam (砰地关上) your car doors late at night.
B: When you park your car late at night, avoid slamming your car door.
2. A: They can continue to learn independently throughout their lives.
B: One goal of teaching is to educate students to depend / count / rely on themselves for lifelong learning.
3. A: Its about changing the world for people.
B: It can change the world for people.
8.“过去分词”型1. A: Sailors died of exposure as a result of the freezing weather.
B: Being exposed to the freezing weather caused their death.
2. A: Half of the preschoolers, who were an average of 4.2 years old, participate in three 30minute active workouts.
B: Half of the preschoolers aged 4.2 on average participate in three 30minute active workouts.
(作者:衡爱明,洪泽县第二中学)
类别2014年2013年2012年
考点分布
原文词汇456
转换词汇644
概括性词汇1
答案不唯一题数97
原文总词数(不含汉字)405392434
命题总词数(含10个空格)14896140
题型树状图树状图树状图
二、考点分析
考点一、原文词汇
1.命题特点:此类题考查考生捕捉文中信息的能力。常占总题量的50%左右,难度不大,关键是信息的定位与筛选。
2.考例点拨
【考例1】 (2012·江苏高考)Leaders tend to (71) their assistants too often.
【点拨】 此题的宾语是their assistants,主语是Leaders。根据这两点可以快速在文中定位原句,即“many leaders bother their assistants with frequent meetings ...”,因此可以找到关键词bother,再根据tend to do sth.词组,可知此空填动词原形。
【考例2】 (2011·江苏高考)Being public figures, leaders are (77) to appear strong and capable.
【点拨】 此题根据空格后的to appear strong and capable可以快速在原文中将信息定位在“They are expected to appear strong and capable.”根据原文可知They指Leaders,因此空格填expected。原文和此题均是被动语态。
但是有少数原文词汇题比较复杂,常表现在题目所在句简短而原文所在句很长,或原文和题目所在句均很长。在这两种情况下,由于题目所在句是对原文所在句进行了句型转换,意思一样,但原文词汇显得更加隐蔽,基础差的同学往往发现不了。此时,考生要认真比对信息,通过筛选和甄别,最终锁定原文词汇。
【考例1】 (2012·江苏高考)Such a management style may result in greater (72) and less productivity in the assistants.
【点拨】 此题是对原文“In doing so, managers lift everyones anxiety level, which activates the part of the brain that processes threats and steals resources from the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for effective problem solving.”的转换。由于该句和题目所在的句子相似单词少,大大增加了难度。其实此处的result in greater anxiety与原句中lift everyones anxiety level意思一致。当然填anxiety的近义词concern或worry也正确。
【考例2】 (2011·江苏高考)Public apology is more than a personal (71).
【点拨】 此句是对原文第一段“But when were acting as leaders, the circumstances are different. The act of apology is carried out not merely at the level of the individual but also at the level of the institution. Its a performance in which every expression matters and every word becomes part of the public record.”的高度概括,基础差的同学可能很难发现上述表达的关键词act, performance。当然此题填其同义词activity也正确。不过,在做任务型阅读时,要坚持“原文词汇是第一位”的原则。
考点二、转换词汇
1.命题特点:转换词汇常涉及词和短语的转换(包括词性、词形转换、同义词和反义词转换、短语转换)、句子的转换(句型转换和信息重新整理)。常占总量的40%~50%。由于学生英语基础不扎实,常在此类题目上丢分。
2.考例点拨
(1)第一类转换词汇略显简单,即涉及词和短语的转换。这时,考生只需根据题目信息,在原文找到相似的信息,锁定关键词,注意词形变化即可。
【考例1】 (2012·江苏高考)Research findings: People perform better when thinking (76) .
【点拨】 此句对应的原文信息是:Research shows that when people work with a positive mindset, performance on nearly every level—productivity, creativity, involvement—improves. 因此,对比之后,此题空格处填的词与原文中的positive有关,再根据其前的thinking可知应用副词形式,即positively。
【考例2】 (2010· 江苏高考)Our earth is a big magnet and a little freely (71) magnetic needle lines itself with the earth magnet to point north and south. 【点拨】 此句对应的原文信息是:So a little magnetic needle that swings freely lines itself with the big earth magnet to point north and south. 通过对比,我们可以很容易地发现空格处填的词与swing有关,再根据此题后有谓语动词lines,所以此空填非谓语动词swinging。
(2)第二类转换词汇则比较难。它涉及句意转换,要求考生具有较强的文章理解能力,并能将相关信息进行概括、整合、提炼,从而完成试题规定的任务。考生要想做好此类题,必须具有扎实的英语基本功,对英语语法、词汇熟练掌握,同时,阅读理解能力要强。这当然不是一天两天能够形成的,是一个长期积累的过程,是一个量变到质变的过程。该类句意转换的词汇同样要注意词形。
【考例1】 (2012·江苏高考)Positive leadership could make a big (75) to employees performance.
【点拨】 要做好此题,考生必须具有较强的语篇意识和总结概括能力。考生只有将第一层次的管理方法(逼迫式管理)和第二层次的管理方法(以人为本的管理)进行比较,才能概括出结论:积极的领导艺术对员工的工作表现会产生重大的影响。
【考例2】 (2011·江苏高考)Apologies not (73) offered can bring on individual and institution ruin.
【点拨】 此句对应的原文信息是“while an apology that is too little, too late, or too obviously strategic can bring on individual and institutional ruin.”,对比两句意思可知“不适宜的道歉会毁了一个人和机构。所以要填properly / appropriately / successfully / rightly。
考点三、概括性词汇
1.命题特点:典型的任务型阅读题目设置分为两栏,左边一栏是文章提纲(passage outline),右边栏是支持性细节或论据(supporting details)。左栏的概括性词汇要求能够最大程度地覆盖右栏信息,同时具有简洁性。虽然这类概括性词汇在高考任务型阅读中目前出现频率低,但在平时的各类模拟考试中却是经常出现的,也不排除今后的高考题中题量会有所体现。
2.解题技巧:其实此类概括性词汇总体难度不大,考生只要认真理解右栏信息内容就能概括出左栏的词汇。关键是概括性词汇的拼写和形式要正确。有些同学在平时的考试中,知道填哪个概括性词汇,却出现拼写错误、大小写错误或词形错误(如单复数)。因此,对于此类概括性词汇同学们要多背多写,加强训练,必将轻易攻克。
【考例】 (2013·江苏高考)
(73) of
conscientiousness
Conscientiousness keeps an organization .
Conscientious employees at the lower levels give outstanding .
The most conscientious salespersons usually have the largest volumes of sales.
Conscientious employees are less likely to be .
【点拨】 表格右栏四点说明“尽责的重要性/功能/作用”,故第(73)空填Functions / Roles / Importance / Significance。
附:常考任务型阅读概括性词汇(由于部分名词在考试中常以复数形式出现,所以表中列出了其复数形式)
类别词汇
原因reasons (for), causes (of)
影响effect, influence, impact
异同differences, similarities
优劣benefit, advantage, disadvantage, drawback, strengths, weaknesses
目的purposes, aims, goals
建议advice, suggestions, tips
方式、方法ways (to do), ways (of doing), solutions (to doing), approaches (to doing), how (to do)
总结、结论Summary, Conclusion(首字母常大写)
态度attitude (to / towards)
特点/征feature, characteristic
措施、行动measures, actions
种类kinds, types
步骤、过程steps, procedures, processes
出处、用途history, origin; use, function
重要、意义significance(s), importance(s), meaning(s)
定义、主题definition, theme(s), topic(s), subject(s)
三、备考策略 任务型阅读是对已阅读信息进行二次加工的过程,它要求考生归纳概括文中要点,整合零散信息并且把系统化的信息以表格等形式有序地表述出来,使零散信息条理化、明朗化、简单化和形象化。表格是文章信息的重构。
(一)三定:(1)定位:根据题目中的信息在原文找到相应的信息点;(2)定性:观察表格上下左右,注意词的词性和形式、大小写等;(3)定词:所填单词拼写须正确。
(二)将答案填入答题卡的空格处时,须注意对号入座,千万不能错位。注意顺序是横向还是纵向。
(三)掌握一些常见的概括性词汇的正确拼写、考试说明中词汇的词性变化和一些常见的词组或句型转换形式。
当然,光有技巧是不行的。技巧不能代替训练。只有在训练中感悟技巧,才能锦上添花,否则只能纸上谈兵,所有的策略等都是浮云。
四、常见词性词形规则
规则考例
1.主谓一致型A: First, teachers tend to talk about what they plan to test on.
B: What teachers says in class tends to be tested on.
2.“动词ing”型A: Green computing started as early as 1992, when the EPA created Energy Star, which is a voluntary labeling program that promotes energyefficient computing equipment and technologies.
B: In 1992, the EPA created Energy Star program, promoting energy efficient computing equipment and technologies.
3.“动词 副词”型A: Teachers should let students take an active part in finishing complex meaningful tasks.
B: Let students participate actively in complex meaningful tasks.
4.“形容词”型1. A: Physically and mentally, are we prepared to handle what may come?
B: No good physical and mental preparations.
2. A: Greater gains in body movement skills may increase confidence in physical ability.
B: Children show greater gains in body movement skills, which can make them more confident in physical ability.
5.“动词 名词”型A: This is a hard balance to achieve as it has to satisfy users ...
B: Green computing requires the satisfaction of users ...
6.“介词 动词ing”或“介词 名词”型A: They dont hesitate to point out your problems.
B: They can point out your problems without any hesitation / hesitating.
7.“动词原形”型1. A: Dont slam (砰地关上) your car doors late at night.
B: When you park your car late at night, avoid slamming your car door.
2. A: They can continue to learn independently throughout their lives.
B: One goal of teaching is to educate students to depend / count / rely on themselves for lifelong learning.
3. A: Its about changing the world for people.
B: It can change the world for people.
8.“过去分词”型1. A: Sailors died of exposure as a result of the freezing weather.
B: Being exposed to the freezing weather caused their death.
2. A: Half of the preschoolers, who were an average of 4.2 years old, participate in three 30minute active workouts.
B: Half of the preschoolers aged 4.2 on average participate in three 30minute active workouts.
(作者:衡爱明,洪泽县第二中学)