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本文阐释这样一个经验的和理论的观点:经济制度不同是经济发展不同的根本原因。我们开发一个基本的框架,用以考察各国经济制度不同的原因。经济制度决定经济行为者的动机以及对他们的约束,而且影响着经济结果。经济制度是基于其后果的考虑而进行的社会选择。因为不同的集团和个人所受益的经济制度是不同的,所以在这些社会选择上存在冲突,冲突的最终解决结果有利于拥有较大政治权力的集团。社会政治权力的分配是由政治制度和资源分配决定的。虽然合法政治权力由政治制度决定,但是具有较大经济力量的集团通常拥有较大的实际政治权力。因为现行经济制度影响资源的分配,而且当前拥有实际政治权力的集团会竭力变革政治制度以便在将来增加他们的合法政治权力。所以,这一合适的理论框架——其中我们将政治制度和资源分配以常量对待——是动态的,这些常量本身随着时间的推移而变化,如果政治制度将权力分配给从普遍产权的实施中受益的集团,或者政治制度建立了对权力持有者的有效约束,或者权力持有者抽取的租金相对较少,则促进经济增长的经济制度就会出现。
This paper illustrates such an empirical and theoretical view that the difference in economic system is the root cause of the difference in economic development. We have developed a basic framework for examining the different causes of economic systems in various countries. Economic institutions determine the motivation of economic actors and their constraints, but also affect the economic outcome. The economic system is a social choice based on its consequences. Because the economic systems benefited by different groups and individuals are different, there are conflicts in these social choices, and the final result of the conflict is conducive to groups with greater political power. The distribution of social and political power is determined by the political system and resource allocation. Although legitimate political power is determined by the political system, groups with greater economic power usually have greater practical political power. Because the current economic system affects the distribution of resources and the groups that currently have the actual political power will do their utmost to change the political system in order to increase their legitimate political power in the future. So this appropriate theoretical framework - where we treat the political system and the allocation of resources as a constant - is dynamic, and the constants themselves change over time if the political system allocates power to everything from universal property enforcement Or the political system has established effective restraints on the holders of power or the rents drawn by the right holders are relatively small, an economic system that promotes economic growth will emerge.