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目的:对影像医学领域杰出青年科学基金（简称杰青基金）和优秀青年科学基金（简称优青基金）近10年（优青基金2012年设立）的实施情况进行分析和讨论，并对未来发展提出建议。方法:收集2010至2019年影像医学领域杰青和优青基金申请与资助数据，分析其在各分支领域的分布，以及获资助项目负责人的年龄、性别、职称与学位，统计杰青基金负责人获资助前承担的国家自然科学基金项目和优青基金负责人后续获得资助项目情况。结果:影像医学领域近10年每年均有获资助杰青基金，平均资助率为10.3%（15/145）。影像医学领域优青基金资助率在最初的2012至2014年以及2019年均高于同年医学科学部的平均资助率。申请数量上，分子影像（杰青基金46项、优青基金55项）、磁共振成像（杰青基金39项、优青基金40项）及医学图像数据处理与分析（杰青基金22项，优青基金42项）位列前3名。资助数量上，杰青基金以超声医学（4项）、分子影像（4项）和磁共振成像（3项）3个分支领域排在前3名，优青基金的前3名排位分别为医学图像数据处理与分析（6项）、分子影像（5项）和磁共振成像（4项）。不同依托单位间申请与资助数量存在较大差异，但项目负责人的成长特征有一定相似度，杰青基金负责人获资助前已具备较好的科研基础积累，优青基金负责人受资助后均有较好发展。结论:杰青和优青基金促进了影像医学学科发展和该领域青年科研人才的培养与成长。“,”Objective:To analyze and discuss the implementation of the National Science Funds for Distinguished and Excellent Young Scientists in the past 10 years, and propose suggestions for future developments.Methods:The application and funding data of the National Science Funds for Distinguished and Excellent Young Scientists from 2010 to 2019 were collected. Both the distribution in each subdivision field and the age, gender, title and academic rank of the awardees were analyzed. The funds received before the Distinguished Young Scientists and the funds got after Excellent Young Scientists were discussed respectively.Results:There were Distinguished Young Scientists in field of medical imaging each year with an average funding rate of 10.3%(15/145). The funding rate of Excellent Young Scientists in field of medical imaging was higher than the average in the years of 2012-2014 and 2019. The application amounts of molecular imaging, MRI and medical imaging data processing and analyzing reached the top three positions. As far as the funding amount was concerned, ultrasound (4), molecular imaging (4) and MRI (3) for Distinguished Young Scientists, and medical imaging data processing and analyzing (6), molecular imaging (5) and MRI (4) for Excellent Young Scientists were in the first three priorities respectively. As far as the application and funding of the two projects were concerned, there was obvious difference among different supporting institutions. Certain similar growth characteristics remained for the project directors. Good accumulation of scientific achievements was demanded for the Distinguished Young Scientists. The Excellent Young Scientists grew well after being awarded.Conclusion:The National Science Funds for Distinguished and Excellent Young Scientists promote the development of medical imaging and help to cultivate the young talents.