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干旱是甘肃黄土高原雨养农业区最主要的气象灾害,建立一个客观适用的干旱指标,是监测、评价、研究干旱的基础,也是采取措施预防和减轻干旱损失的先决条件之一。干旱的发生包含许多复杂过程和条件,因而研究一个考虑因子较为全面的干旱指标较为困难,该区多数干旱指标在应用方面虽有各自的针对性,但都存在不同程度的局限性。本研究的目的就是利用较为成功的帕默尔旱度模式的基本原理,建立一个考虑因素较为全面的、能反映干旱发展全过程的、具有时空可比较性的甘肃黄土高原的气象早度模式,并与农作物的供需水特征结合,探讨综合性的旱灾评估指数。
在美国帕默尔旱度模式和1985年中国修正的帕默尔旱度模式的的基础上,针对甘肃黄土高原地区的实际情况,从建模资料长度、站点密度、可能蒸散的计算、土壤田间持水量和径流计算等几个方面对原有模式进行了修正,建立了适用于该区的气象旱度模式并确定了权重因子。
根据修正后的甘肃黄土高原的帕默尔旱度模式计算了20个代表站1961-2000年40年逐月的气象旱度值,并与各站实际的旱情记载进行对照检验,结果表明,修正后的模式计算的旱度值与实际灾情基本上吻合,能较好地反映出甘肃黄土高原地区的干旱程度,尤其对一些重大早段反映明显。
建立了各站逐月的早度值序列,在此基础上,分析了干旱的基本特征,包括本区近40年的干旱月数频率、主要干旱时段、极端干旱强度和干旱周期等特征,为防灾减灾提供科学依据。
按照和逐月旱度模式相似的思路,建立了甘肃黄土高原地区逐日的帕默尔旱度模式,并计算了各代表站的1961-2000年40年逐日的旱度值,与逐月旱度值的变化进行了对比分析,为进行较短时期的干旱评估提供了依据。
计算了甘肃黄土高原冬小麦、玉米、春小麦等主要农作物不同生育阶段的水分胁迫系数,使作物对水分亏缺的反应程度定量化,为进一步研究农业干旱指标,从而进行有效的农业干旱监测和农田管理奠定了基础。
综合考虑水分亏缺程度和作物水分亏缺敏感性等因素,进一步探讨了甘肃黄土高原地区的农业旱灾综合评估指数,为建立一个具有农业意义的干旱指标进行了有益尝试。
ModificationandApplicationsofMeteorologicalDroughtSeverityModelforGansuLoessPlateauDroughtisthemostseriousmeteorologicaldisasterinGansuloessplateau.Anobjectiveandapplicabledroughtindexisthefoundationformonitoringandevaluatingdroughtefficiently,andisoneofthepreconditionforpreventingdroughtdisasters,however,itisdifficulttodevelopadroughtseverityindexconsideringmeteorologicalfactorscomprehensivlybecauseofthecomplexityofdrought,andmostoftheexistentdroughtindicesforthisregionhavelimitationinapplication.Oneobjectiveofthisresearchistodevelopameteorologicaldroughtseverityindexconsideringmeteorologicalfactorsmorecomprehensivlyandreflectingtheevolvementofdroughtmoreclearly,whichiscomparableinspaceandtimeandisapplicabletothisregion.Anotherobjectiveistoexploreacomplexindexofevaluatingdroughtdisasters,inwhichthecharacteristicsofcropswaterrequirementandtheenvironmentalwatersupplyisconsidered.OnthebaseoffundamentalandmethodofthePalmerDroughtSeverityModel,afurthermodifiedmeteorologicaldroughtseveritymodelforGansuloessplateauwasdeveloped,andtheweighingcoefficientwasobtained.Stations,calculationofpotentialevapotranspirationandrunoff,etc.havebeenrevisedinthismodel.Themonthlymeteorologicalindexwascomputedat20representativestationsfrom1961to2000byusingthemodifiedmeteorologicaldroughtseveritymodelforGansuloessplateau,andthecomputeddroughtindexwascomparedwiththerecordeddroughtsituation.Theresultshowsthatthecomputeddroughtseveirtyvalueiscoincidentwiththepracticaldroughtsituation,andcanreflectthedroughtseverityobviously,especiallyfortheseveredroughtperiods.ThecomputedPalmerDroughtIndexof20stationsinGansuloessplateauwereusedtoanalysethebasiccharacteristicsofdroughtinthisregion,includingthemaindroughtperiods,thedrought-monthfrequencyofeachdroughtdegreeandthedroughtcycle,etc.whichcanprovideascientificbasisforpreventingdroughtdisasters.Withthesimilarmethod,adailyPalmerDroughtSeverityModelforGansuloessplateauwasdeveloped,andthedailydroughtindexwascomputedwhichcanprovideabasisforthedroughtevaluationofashortperiod.ThesensitivitycoefficientofmainraincropstowatershortageineachdevelopmentperiodinthreerepresentativestationsofGansuloessplateauwascaculatedbasedonthedataofclimate,cropsyield,soilmoistureandcropsgrowth.Asaresult,theresponsecharacteristicsotcropstodroughtindifferentdevelopmentperiodscanbereflectedinvalue,whichcanprovideascientificreferenceformonitoringagricultraldroughtanddecision-making.Acomplexiindexofevaluatingagriculturaldroughtdisasterswasfurtherexploredconsideringsomefactorsinvolvedsuchaswatershortagedegreeandthesensitivityofcropstowatershortage,etc.Adroughtindexwithsomeagricultralmeaningwasabtainedwhichcanbeappliedintheevaluationofagriculturaldroughtdisasters.