菜地N2O排放量与氮肥施用量的定量关系及硝化抑制剂效果

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在高施氮水平和低氮肥利用率的蔬菜生产系统中,N2O排放量与氮肥施用量之间的定量关系吸引了广泛的研究。N2O排放量随氮肥施用量增加而增加,但N2O排放系数与氮肥施用量之间的关系不一致,因而N2O排放量与氮肥施用量之间的定量关系到目前为止还没有一致的结论。硝化抑制剂在其他生态系统中对N2O排放有较好的抑制效果,但在蔬菜地对N2O排放的研究较少,效果还不明确。为了进一步探究N2O排放量与氮肥施用量在菜地上的定量关系,以及研究硝化抑制剂在菜地上减少N2O排放的效果,开展了室内培养试验、室外培养试验和大田试验。  室内培养和大田试验的研究结果表明,与常规尿素相比,硝化抑制剂均能够抑制菜地土壤N2O排放。室内培养对采自新疆和江苏的两种菜园土同时进行了研究,结果表明施用硝化抑制剂能降低菜园土N2O排放,平均抑制率分别58.72%、74.35%。大田试验在江苏常熟展开,在连续种植四季蔬菜、观测期约1年的时间长度内,氮肥施用水平为N867、1300和1733 kg.hm-2时,相应的施用硝化抑制剂时,对N2O的抑制率分别为8.75%,21.00%,25.28%。  室外培养的研究结果表明,随着氮肥施用量增加,N2O排放量也增加,施氮水平为100、200、300、400、500和600 kg N hm-2时,其N2O排放系数分别为0.57、0.37、0.35、0.33、0.33和0.31%;随着氮肥施用量的增加,N2O排放系数呈下降趋势。大田试验中在观测期约1年的时间长度内,随着氮肥施用量增加,N2O排放也增加;氮肥施用水平为N867、1300、1733kghm-2时,施用常规尿素与施用CP氮肥的N2O排放系数分别为1.61%、2.07%和2.62%和1.36%、1.47%和1.80%;常规尿素与CP氮肥的N2O排放系数均随施氮量增加而增加,N2O排放量与氮肥施用量呈指数函数关系。  在种植蔬菜的大田试验中,高施氮量时,施用硝化抑制剂的处理所减少排放的N2O所带来的效益要略高于使用硝化抑制剂所多花费的成本,并综合考虑其增加的氮肥利用率等农学环境因素,在高施氮量的蔬菜生产施用硝化抑制剂还是可行的。
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