【摘 要】
：
铅酸电池由于存在比能量和比功率低等缺点,限制了在电动车领域的应用.以泡沫铜为基体电沉积铅合金,制备泡沫铅合金负极板栅;研究了电沉积铅合金、泡沫铅板栅和泡沫铅负极的电
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铅酸电池由于存在比能量和比功率低等缺点,限制了在电动车领域的应用.以泡沫铜为基体电沉积铅合金,制备泡沫铅合金负极板栅;研究了电沉积铅合金、泡沫铅板栅和泡沫铅负极的电化学行为;研制了泡沫铅负极的铅酸电池,考察了泡沫铅板栅对铅酸电池性能的影响;探讨了泡沫铅提高铅酸电池负极活性物质利用率的机制.采用超声波发生装置和添加铈盐等手段,以泡沫铜为基体,用电沉积铅合金的方法,制备泡沫铅合金板栅,研究了不同工艺对泡沫铅厚度分布均匀性的影响.SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope)观察表明:超声波和铈盐可明显降低泡沫铅上铅沉积层的厚度分布系数.该泡沫铅具有均匀的三维网络结构,比表面积达5500~6300m<2>m<-3>,孔隙率为93%左右,表观电阻率约为150μΩ cm<-1>.采用AFM(Atomic Force Microscope)表征了电沉积铅合金的表面形貌,结果表明:超声波和铈盐并没有降低电沉积铅的表面粗糙度.采用循环伏安和电化学阻抗谱对比研究了电沉积铅合金和铸造铅合金在硫酸中电化学行为.正极采用铸造板栅,负极分别采用铸造板栅和泡沫铅板栅,研制了富液式和阀控式负极限容铅酸电池,并研究了泡沫铅对铅酸电池性能的影响.通过SEM,XRD(X-ray Diffraction)观察和分析了富液式和阀控式铅酸电池的铸造板栅负极和泡沫铅负极在充、放电状态下的负极活性物质的表面形貌和组成,并采用计时电流法测试了负极板栅对活性物质比表面积的影响.结果发现:经多次循环后,泡沫铅负极与铸造板栅负极相比,在充电状态下,负极海绵状铅结晶颗粒细小,比表面积提高约16%,电极表面残存的硫酸铅较少;在放电状态下,泡沫铅负极表面的硫酸铅结晶颗粒较小,含量少,活性物质反应比较均匀,比表面积提高约209%.电化学阻抗谱测试表明:与铸造板栅负极相比,泡沫铅板栅负极无论是化成、充电还是放电状态,其电化学反应电阻明显降低,表明其具有更高的电化学反应活性.因此提出了泡沫铅提高负极活性物质利用率的机制是:活性物质晶粒细化同时降低了板栅到PbSO<4>/H<2>SO<4>界面的距离.
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