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We unveil nontrivial topological properties of zero-temperature magnetization plateau states in periodically and quasi-periodically modulated quantum spin chains under a uniform magnetic field.As positions of plateaus are uniquely determined by the modulation parameter of exchange couplings, we find that the topologically nontrivial plateau state can be characterized by a nonzero integer Chern number and has nontrivial edge spin-flip excitations.Our study clarifies the topological origin of the well-known phenomena of quantized magnetization plateaus in one-dimensional quantum spin systems and relates the plateau state to the correlated topological insulator.