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Regenerated ceiiulose/ZnO nanocomposite (RCZ) films were prepared from cellulose carbamate in aq.NaOH/ZnO through one-step regeneration in aq.NaSO4.The ZnO nanoparticles with the hexagonal wurtzite structure have agglomerated to a larger particle and firmly embedded in the surface and internal of the RCZ films.The RCZ films showed efficient antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.The dramatic reduction of viable bacteria could be observed within 3 h of exposure, and all of the bacteria were killed within 6 h.