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This paper argues that,whilst national qualifications frameworks(NQFs)have seen a meteoric rise,the evidence that theyworkis limited,equivocal,inconclusive,contradictory and contingent.There is insufficient empirical evidence of demonstrating fitness for purpose and achievement of purpose(efficacy),partly because there are so many purposes that it is difficult to disentangle the relationship between cause and effect and to rule out whether an effect is the consequence of a particular cause.